Difference between revisions of "EBC Exercise 08a Cross-Compiling"

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[[Category:ECE597]]
+
[[Category:ECE497]]
 
[[Category: BeagleBoard]]
 
[[Category: BeagleBoard]]
 +
{{YoderHead}}
  
This class is about developing software for embedded Linux. The [http://elinux.org/Main_Page eLinux site] is a good source for embedded Linux in general. There are many ongoing embedded efforts going on many platforms. Poke around the site a while to get a feel for what's happening.
+
This class is about developing software for embedded Linux. So far we have been doing all of our development on the Beagle. This works well for small (and not so small) programs. However, we are now moving into kernel development and that's best done on a more powerful host computer. In [[EBC_Exercise_08_Installing_Development_Tools_4.4]] you learned how to download and install the cross compilers and the source for kernel and u-boot. Now we'll use those tools.
  
We are going to use the [http://www.angstrom-distribution.org Ångström Distribution]It's available many platforms. Look around the site, you may recognize some of them.
+
== Cross compiling Hello World ==
 +
Normally when you compile you compile on the machine that will run the code.  You can compile and run on the Bone, but sometimes (like when compiling the kernel) it's better to use a more powerful machine for the compilingFirst we'll compile ''helloWorld.c'' on the host computer and run it there, then we'll cross compile it on the host to run on the Bone.
  
Instructions for building Ångström are given [http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/building-angstrom here]; however I'm going to present a Beagle-tuned version of those instructions on this page.
+
If you've set up your git repository you will find it in '''helloWorld.c''' when you do a''' git pull'''.  Compile and run it on your host to be sure it works.
  
== Step 1 - get Open Embedded metadata ==
+
host$ '''gcc helloWorld.c'''
 +
host$ '''file a.out'''
 +
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV),
 +
  dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.24,
 +
  BuildID[sha1]=0x357e34e90f7c32d414368d69cc06d0aed59acf1c, not stripped
 +
host$ '''./a.out'''
 +
Hello, World! Main is executing at 0x400524
 +
This address (0x7fff8260bdf8) is in our stack frame
 +
This address (0x601038) is in our bss section
 +
This address (0x601020) is in our data section
  
First install <code>git</code> by running the following on your host computer.
+
Now that you know it's working, let's cross compile it. First set the paths to find the cross-compiler. Put the following in a file, call it '''~/crossCompileEnv.sh'''.
<pre>
 
$ sudo apt-get install git-core
 
</pre>
 
Here is a nice [http://progit.org/book/ git tutorial].  Take a look at it if you want to understand the commands that follow.
 
  
Then run the following to load the meta data.
+
export ARCH=arm
<pre>
+
export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabihf-
$ export OETREE="${HOME}/oe"
+
export PATH=$PATH:~/BeagleBoard/bb-kernel/dl/gcc-linaro-5.3-2016.02-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/bin
$ mkdir -p ${OETREE} && cd ${OETREE}
+
Make sure the PATH you use goes to the bin directory where the cross compiler is installed.
$ git clone git://git.openembedded.org/openembedded.git openembedded
 
$ cd openembedded
 
$ git checkout origin/stable/2009 -b stable/2009
 
</pre>
 
If <code>git://git.openembedded.org/openembedded.git</code> does not work, you can also try:
 
* <code>http://repo.or.cz/r/openembedded.git</code>
 
* [http://gitorious.org/angstrom/openembedded git://gitorious.org/angstrom/openembedded.git]
 
[[ECE597 git notes]]
 
  
The first git transfers some 336,000 object and takes about 18 minutes with the network running at 600 some KiB/sKeep an eye on it, mine stopped about 23% in and I had to restart it. The second git takes almost no time.
+
Now ''source'' the file and compile again. (Note: you only have to source once per terminal session.)
 +
host$ '''source ~/crossCompileEnv.sh'''
 +
host$ '''${CROSS_COMPILE}gcc helloWorld.c'''
 +
host$ '''file a.out'''
 +
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, EABI5 version 1 (SYSV),  
 +
  dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32,
 +
  BuildID[sha1]=b9222cbcee442470c7b89ac294e392a631c82264, not stripped
  
Now run the following to update the metadata:
+
The '''file''' command tells what's in the fileIn this case we have an ARM executableSuccess! Now copy to your Beagle and run
<pre>
 
$ cd ${OETREE}/openembedded
 
$ git pull
 
</pre>
 
You've created a directory called <code>oe</code>Go explore around it to see what is thereBe sure to look in <code>oe/openembedded/recipes</code>. These folders contain instructions on where to get and how to build various things.  Look in <code>recipes/linux</code>.  Here are instructions for building various Linux kernels.  We'll be using <code>linux-omap-2.6.*</code>.  What's the highest version you can find?
 
  
== Step 2 - Installing bitbake and friends ==
+
host$ '''scp a.out root@192.168.7.2:.'''
 +
host$ '''ssh root@192.168.7.2 ./a.out'''
 +
Hello, World! Main is executing at 0x8374
 +
This address (0xbeb32d4c) is in our stack frame
 +
This address (0x10650) is in our bss section
 +
This address (0x10648) is in our data section
  
bitbake is the workhorse that knows where to get everything and how to compile it.  The following will install bitbake and additional programs that bitbake needs.  This may take 5 minutes.
+
The '''scp''' copies ''a.out'' to the beagle and the '''ssh''' runs the ''a.out'' on the beagle. Notice the addresses are very different from the host version.
<pre>
 
$ sudo apt-get install bitbake
 
$ sudo apt-get install g++
 
$ sudo apt-get install help2man diffstat texi2html cvs texinfo subversion gawk
 
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
 
</pre>
 
If you are running Ubuntu you will have to also do the following:
 
<pre>
 
$ cd /bin
 
$ sudo mv sh sh.old
 
$ sudo ln -s bash sh
 
$ sudo sh -c "echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr"
 
</pre>
 
Finally edit the file <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> using:
 
<pre>
 
$ sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf
 
</pre>
 
Add the following at the end and save.
 
<pre>
 
# This is for bitbake
 
vm.mmap_min_addr = 0
 
</pre>
 
Now you should be ready to run bitbake.
 
  
The Psyco Python JIT compiler should help speed up compilation times at the expense of memory use .  It only works on 32-bit systems. To install, use
+
{{YoderFoot}}
<pre>
 
$ sudo apt-get install python-psyco
 
</pre>
 
 
 
== Step 3 - Setting up for the BeagleBoard ==
 
 
 
Now let's setup <code>local.conf</code> for our needs:
 
<pre>
 
$ mkdir -p ${OETREE}/build/conf
 
$ cp ${OETREE}/openembedded/contrib/angstrom/local.conf ${OETREE}/build/conf/
 
</pre>
 
Open <code>${OETREE}/build/conf/local.conf</code> in your favourite editor and add the following to the end of the file.
 
<pre>
 
MACHINE ?= "beagleboard"
 
</pre>
 
Also, look at this block of lines:
 
<pre>
 
# Make use of SMP and fast disks
 
PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"
 
BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"
 
</pre>
 
Here you can tell it how many parallel threads to run.  If you have several cores on your machine, make this number big.  If you have only one core, you might be better performance setting it to 1.  More details are [http://wiki.openembedded.org/index.php/Advanced_configuration here].
 
* PARALLEL_MAKE sets the number "gcc" threads (same as make -j4 at compile time
 
* BB_NUMBER_THREADS sets the number of bitbake threads, (one thread can be downloading, while another compiles)
 
 
 
To save you a lot of time, it is useful to disable locale generation for all but the one you need.  Add this to local.conf
 
<pre>
 
GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES = "en_US.UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8 pt_BR.UTF-8 es_ES.UTF-8 kn_IN.UTF-8 ml_IN.UTF-8 ta_IN.UTF-8"
 
</pre>
 
 
 
== Step 4 - Start building ==
 
 
 
We need to create a small script to setup the environment
 
 
 
<pre>
 
$ cd ${OETREE}
 
$ wget -c http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/files/source-me.txt
 
</pre>
 
 
 
*Take a second to read the script, and notice that it configures a download directory, a build directory, and a staging directory.  Can you explain why ${PATH} is modified in this script?
 
 
 
Now we are almost ready for compiling
 
<pre>
 
#Go to the OpenEmbedded folder
 
$ cd ${OETREE}/openembedded
 
 
 
#Make sure it's up to date
 
$ git pull --rebase
 
 
 
#Set environment variables
 
$ cd ${OETREE}
 
$ source source-me.txt
 
 
 
#Start building
 
$ bitbake nano
 
</pre>
 
 
 
This will take a while.  bitbake is installing everything that is needed to compile the system.  This includes cross compilers, assemblers, source, everything.  I started at 10am and ended around 5:30pm.  It was running on just one of the two cores on my laptop.  How long did it take on your machine?  I notice that an additional 600M of disk space is being used.
 
 
 
{{Give
 
|title=Keep track of you running times and configurations.
 
|tip=We'll use this data to see what the best settings are.
 
}}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
 
|+ Initial <tt>bitbake nano</tt> runtime
 
! Processor
 
! Settings
 
! Run Time
 
|-
 
| Intel Pentium-M@2.0Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j1"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "1"<br>Psyco? Yes.
 
| 4.9 hours
 
|-
 
| Intel Atom N330@1.6Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 3.15 hours
 
|-
 
| Intel Core2Quad Q9300@2.5Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j5"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 44 minutes
 
|-
 
| Intel Core2Quad Q9300@2.5Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j8"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 17 minutes
 
|-
 
| T2600@2.16 GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "2"<br>Psyco? Yes.<br>All Locals
 
| 2.5 hours
 
|-
 
| T2600@2.16 GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? Yes.<br>US Only
 
| 73 minutes
 
|-
 
| E8400@3.00 GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| All Locals 1.4 hours <br> US only 43 Minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 56.08 minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j8"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 57.83 minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 53.86 minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j7"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "7"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 61.75 minutes
 
|-
 
| Core 2 Duo<br>T7600@2.33GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j1"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "1"<br>Psyco? No (64-bit).
 
| 2:10:04
 
|}
 
 
 
== Step 5 - Building a complete image ==
 
 
 
Up to this point all we have done is load all the infrastructure needed and compiled the simple '''nano''' text editor.  We don't even have the kernel yet. Do the following to build a basic console image.
 
<pre>
 
$ bitbake console-image
 
</pre>
 
'''This bitbake took 7 hours and 15 minutes.'''  There are now some 7,700 directories with 67,000 files in the <code>oe</code> directory.  An additional 1.5G of disk space is in use.
 
 
 
How did I know to use '''console-image'''?  I ran the following to find what images were out there:
 
<pre>
 
$ locate image | grep /oe/
 
</pre>
 
This found every file with '''image''' in the name it that also had '''/oe/''' in the path.  From this I see that '''oe/openembedded/recipes/images''' has a bunch of files ending in '''-image'''.  Take a look at '''console-image.bb''' and see what you can figure out.
 
 
 
== Step 6 - Loading your SD card ==
 
 
 
The output of the bitbake command will ultimately be found under the <code>$OE_HOME/angstrom-dev/deploy/glibc/images/beagleboard</code>. In there you can find at least two interesting files:
 
<pre>
 
console-image-beagleboard.tar.bz2
 
uImage-beagleboard.bin
 
</pre>
 
The console image represents a full and self-contained file system, *including* a kernel. The uImage-beagleboard.bin is a Linux kernel image suitable for loading by the U-boot bootloader.
 
 
 
* Rename '''uImage-beagleboard.bin''' as '''uImage''' and load on your SD as before ([[ECE597 Getting your Beagle running (precompiled)]]). 
 
* Also load '''console-image-beagleboard.tar.bz2''' on the 2<sup>nd</sup> partition like you did before.  Did you notice it untar's very quickly?  Why?
 
* Boot and explore.  What's there?  What's missing?
 
 
 
Congratulations you've just build Linux from source.  Try this:
 
<pre>
 
beagleboard login: root
 
root@beagleboard:~# cd /sys/class
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class# ls -F
 
bdi/          hwmon/        misc/        scsi_generic/ usb_device/
 
block/        i2c-adapter/  mmc_host/    scsi_host/    usb_endpoint/
 
bluetooth/    i2c-dev/      mtd/          sound/        usb_host/
 
bmi/          ieee80211/    net/          spi_master/  usbmon/
 
display/      input/        regulator/    spidev/      vc/
 
firmware/    leds/        rtc/          thermal/      vtconsole/
 
gpio/        mdio_bus/    scsi_device/  tty/
 
graphics/    mem/          scsi_disk/    ubi/
 
</pre>
 
This is a list of low-level devices on the Beagle that you can access as files.  Try:
 
<pre>
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class# cd leds/
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class/leds# ls -F
 
beagleboard::usr0@ beagleboard::usr1@
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class/leds# cd beagleboard\:\:usr0
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/devices/platform/leds-gpio/leds/beagleboard::usr0# cat trigger
 
none nand-disk mmc0 mmc1 [heartbeat]
 
</pre>
 
This is a list of values you can assign to trigger.  Notice LED0 is blinking on and off right now. Try:
 
<pre>
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/devices/platform/leds-gpio/leds/beagleboard::usr0# echo none > trigger
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/devices/platform/leds-gpio/leds/beagleboard::usr0# echo 1 > brightness
 
</pre>
 
What happens?  Play around.  [http://groups.google.com/group/beagleboard/msg/c623a16637625685?hl=en Here] are instructions on reading the '''USER''' switch.  Try it.  Can you make the LEDs blink in response to the button being pressed?
 
 
 
== Step 7 - Building a complete Beagle demo image ==
 
 
 
Now let's build the how demo we were running before.  We'll do this via bitbake, but argument do we give it?  Try looking in <code>oe/openembedded/recipes/images</code>, do you see a recipe that might work?  Hint:  It has beagle in the name.  Here's what I tried.
 
<pre>
 
$ time bitbake beagle????-image
 
</pre>
 
Replace ???? with the recipe name you found.  I added the '''time''' command so I could see how long it takes to run.  My run took some 7.5 hours.
 
 
 
If you're having trouble with Gimp and/or gnumeric, consult [[ECE597 OpenEmbedded Issues and Problem_Solving]].
 
 
 
== Step 7.5 Building a complete unstable Beagle demo image ==
 
I did not have as much luck getting Ångström working in the stable OE branch, but I was able to make dev work.  You should see that there are two branches available to to choose from.
 
<pre>
 
$ git branch
 
  org.openembedded.dev
 
* stable/2009
 
</pre>
 
 
 
So switch to the .dev branch by saying
 
 
 
<pre>
 
$ git checkout org.openembedded.dev
 
$ git pull # may not be needed
 
</pre>
 
 
 
The OE dev branch '''does not''' ship with its own version of bitbake, so you will need to obtain bitbake from another source. Compiling from the OE dev branch seems to require an up-to-date version of bitbake. Install this by running
 
 
 
<pre>
 
$ cd ${OETREE}
 
$ wget http://download.berlios.de/bitbake/bitbake-1.8.18.tar.gz
 
$ tar -xvf bitbake-1.8.18.tar.gz
 
</pre>
 
This will download and unpack version 1.8.18 of bitbake. Currently, this version seems to work well with the OE dev branch. You must now edit the path that points to bitbake in the source-me.txt file so that it will point to the directory containing this version of bitbake. You should change the line containing
 
 
 
<pre>
 
PATH=${OETREE}/openembedded/bitbake/bin:${ORG_PATH}
 
</pre>
 
to the following:
 
 
 
<pre>
 
PATH=${OETREE}/bitbake-1.8.18/bin:${ORG_PATH}
 
</pre>
 
'''''NOTE''''': If you have modified the <code>GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES</code> setting in <code>${OETREE}/build/conf/local.conf</code> to contain only <code>en_US.UTF-8</code>, your build may fail due to missing required locales. You should have this set to <code>GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES = "en_US.UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8 pt_BR.UTF-8 es_ES.UTF-8 kn_IN.UTF-8 ml_IN.UTF-8 ta_IN.UTF-8"</code> for the build to be successful. If you local.conf file does not have a line containing <code>GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES</code>, your build still should be successful as it will, by default, include all available locales, including those mentioned above.  Can you figure out where this list of locals came from?
 
 
 
We must now wipe out our stable build directory, as the two branches are not compatible.  (Feel free to make a backup if you feel inclined).
 
<pre>
 
$ rm -rf ${OETREE}/angstrom-dev/
 
</pre>
 
 
 
Now you may follow the directions above by running
 
<pre>
 
$ time bitbake beagle????-image
 
</pre>
 
 
 
This will take a VERY long time, as it must recompile everything that was done previously.  On my E8400 it took 10.4 hours to run with all locales, and 9.3 hours with only the ones I needed.  It also used 17gb of space.
 
 
 
Once it has finished take a look in
 
<pre>
 
$ ls ${OETREE}/angstrom-dev/deploy/glibc/images/beagleboard
 
</pre>
 
 
 
You should recognize the files from when you previously installed Angstrom, if not re-read [[ECE597_Getting_your_Beagle_running_(precompiled)]]
 
 
 
The first boot of my beagle took a very long time...a few minutes (subsequent boots are faster), the beagle will hang on the below screen for a while, just let it go and it will continue.
 
<pre>
 
INIT: version 2.86 booting
 
Error. Cannot create canvas. Abort.
 
</pre>
 
 
 
I also saw a lot of these errors, again you can probably ignore them. (if you can figure out how to fix, post fix here)
 
<pre>
 
Cannot find fifo at /mnt/.splash/exquisite.
 
</pre>
 
To fix it just do:
 
<pre>
 
opkg remove exquisite
 
</pre>
 
It will some speed up boot (it will not hung for a few min after INIT: version 2.86 booting).
 
[[Category:ECE597]]
 
[[Category: BeagleBoard]]
 
 
 
This class is about developing software for embedded Linux.  The [http://elinux.org/Main_Page eLinux site] is a good source for embedded Linux in general.  There are many ongoing embedded efforts going on many platforms.  Poke around the site a while to get a feel for what's happening.
 
 
 
We are going to use the [http://www.angstrom-distribution.org Ångström Distribution].  It's available many platforms.  Look around the site, you may recognize some of them.
 
 
 
Instructions for building Ångström are given [http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/building-angstrom here]; however I'm going to present a Beagle-tuned version of those instructions on this page.
 
 
 
== Step 1 - get Open Embedded metadata ==
 
 
 
First install <code>git</code> by running the following on your host computer.
 
<pre>
 
$ sudo apt-get install git-core
 
</pre>
 
Here is a nice [http://progit.org/book/ git tutorial].  Take a look at it if you want to understand the commands that follow.
 
 
 
Then run the following to load the meta data.
 
<pre>
 
$ export OETREE="${HOME}/oe"
 
$ mkdir -p ${OETREE} && cd ${OETREE}
 
$ git clone git://git.openembedded.org/openembedded.git openembedded
 
$ cd openembedded
 
$ git checkout origin/stable/2009 -b stable/2009
 
</pre>
 
If <code>git://git.openembedded.org/openembedded.git</code> does not work, you can also try:
 
* <code>http://repo.or.cz/r/openembedded.git</code>
 
* [http://gitorious.org/angstrom/openembedded git://gitorious.org/angstrom/openembedded.git]
 
[[ECE597 git notes]]
 
 
 
The first git transfers some 336,000 object and takes about 18 minutes with the network running at 600 some KiB/s.  Keep an eye on it, mine stopped about 23% in and I had to restart it.  The second git takes almost no time.
 
 
 
Now run the following to update the metadata:
 
<pre>
 
$ cd ${OETREE}/openembedded
 
$ git pull
 
</pre>
 
You've created a directory called <code>oe</code>.  Go explore around it to see what is there.  Be sure to look in <code>oe/openembedded/recipes</code>.  These folders contain instructions on where to get and how to build various things.  Look in <code>recipes/linux</code>.  Here are instructions for building various Linux kernels.  We'll be using <code>linux-omap-2.6.*</code>.  What's the highest version you can find?
 
 
 
== Step 2 - Installing bitbake and friends ==
 
 
 
bitbake is the workhorse that knows where to get everything and how to compile it.  The following will install bitbake and additional programs that bitbake needs.  This may take 5 minutes.
 
<pre>
 
$ sudo apt-get install bitbake
 
$ sudo apt-get install g++
 
$ sudo apt-get install help2man diffstat texi2html cvs texinfo subversion gawk
 
$ sudo apt-get autoremove
 
</pre>
 
If you are running Ubuntu you will have to also do the following:
 
<pre>
 
$ cd /bin
 
$ sudo mv sh sh.old
 
$ sudo ln -s bash sh
 
$ sudo sh -c "echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr"
 
</pre>
 
Finally edit the file <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> using:
 
<pre>
 
$ sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf
 
</pre>
 
Add the following at the end and save.
 
<pre>
 
# This is for bitbake
 
vm.mmap_min_addr = 0
 
</pre>
 
Now you should be ready to run bitbake.
 
 
 
The Psyco Python JIT compiler should help speed up compilation times at the expense of memory use .  It only works on 32-bit systems. To install, use
 
<pre>
 
$ sudo apt-get install python-psyco
 
</pre>
 
 
 
== Step 3 - Setting up for the BeagleBoard ==
 
 
 
Now let's setup <code>local.conf</code> for our needs:
 
<pre>
 
$ mkdir -p ${OETREE}/build/conf
 
$ cp ${OETREE}/openembedded/contrib/angstrom/local.conf ${OETREE}/build/conf/
 
</pre>
 
Open <code>${OETREE}/build/conf/local.conf</code> in your favourite editor and add the following to the end of the file.
 
<pre>
 
MACHINE ?= "beagleboard"
 
</pre>
 
Also, look at this block of lines:
 
<pre>
 
# Make use of SMP and fast disks
 
PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"
 
BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"
 
</pre>
 
Here you can tell it how many parallel threads to run.  If you have several cores on your machine, make this number big.  If you have only one core, you might be better performance setting it to 1.  More details are [http://wiki.openembedded.org/index.php/Advanced_configuration here].
 
* PARALLEL_MAKE sets the number "gcc" threads (same as make -j4 at compile time
 
* BB_NUMBER_THREADS sets the number of bitbake threads, (one thread can be downloading, while another compiles)
 
 
 
To save you a lot of time, it is useful to disable locale generation for all but the one you need.  Add this to local.conf
 
<pre>
 
GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES = "en_US.UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8 pt_BR.UTF-8 es_ES.UTF-8 kn_IN.UTF-8 ml_IN.UTF-8 ta_IN.UTF-8"
 
</pre>
 
 
 
== Step 4 - Start building ==
 
 
 
We need to create a small script to setup the environment
 
 
 
<pre>
 
$ cd ${OETREE}
 
$ wget -c http://www.angstrom-distribution.org/files/source-me.txt
 
</pre>
 
 
 
*Take a second to read the script, and notice that it configures a download directory, a build directory, and a staging directory.  Can you explain why ${PATH} is modified in this script?
 
 
 
Now we are almost ready for compiling
 
<pre>
 
#Go to the OpenEmbedded folder
 
$ cd ${OETREE}/openembedded
 
 
 
#Make sure it's up to date
 
$ git pull --rebase
 
 
 
#Set environment variables
 
$ cd ${OETREE}
 
$ source source-me.txt
 
 
 
#Start building
 
$ bitbake nano
 
</pre>
 
 
 
This will take a while.  bitbake is installing everything that is needed to compile the system.  This includes cross compilers, assemblers, source, everything.  I started at 10am and ended around 5:30pm.  It was running on just one of the two cores on my laptop.  How long did it take on your machine?  I notice that an additional 600M of disk space is being used.
 
 
 
{{Give
 
|title=Keep track of you running times and configurations.
 
|tip=We'll use this data to see what the best settings are.
 
}}
 
 
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"
 
|+ Initial <tt>bitbake nano</tt> runtime
 
! Processor
 
! Settings
 
! Run Time
 
|-
 
| Intel Pentium-M@2.0Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j1"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "1"<br>Psyco? Yes.
 
| 4.9 hours
 
|-
 
| Intel Atom N330@1.6Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 3.15 hours
 
|-
 
| Intel Core2Quad Q9300@2.5Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j5"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 44 minutes
 
|-
 
| Intel Core2Quad Q9300@2.5Ghz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j8"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 17 minutes
 
|-
 
| T2600@2.16 GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "2"<br>Psyco? Yes.<br>All Locals
 
| 2.5 hours
 
|-
 
| T2600@2.16 GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? Yes.<br>US Only
 
| 73 minutes
 
|-
 
| E8400@3.00 GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| All Locals 1.4 hours <br> US only 43 Minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 56.08 minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j8"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 57.83 minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j4"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 53.86 minutes
 
|-
 
| E5410@2.33 GHz (&times;2)
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j7"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "7"<br>Psyco? No.
 
| 61.75 minutes
 
|-
 
| Core 2 Duo<br>T7600@2.33GHz
 
| PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j1"<br>BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "1"<br>Psyco? No (64-bit).
 
| 2:10:04
 
|}
 
 
 
== Step 5 - Building a complete image ==
 
 
 
Up to this point all we have done is load all the infrastructure needed and compiled the simple '''nano''' text editor.  We don't even have the kernel yet. Do the following to build a basic console image.
 
<pre>
 
$ bitbake console-image
 
</pre>
 
'''This bitbake took 7 hours and 15 minutes.'''  There are now some 7,700 directories with 67,000 files in the <code>oe</code> directory.  An additional 1.5G of disk space is in use.
 
 
 
How did I know to use '''console-image'''?  I ran the following to find what images were out there:
 
<pre>
 
$ locate image | grep /oe/
 
</pre>
 
This found every file with '''image''' in the name it that also had '''/oe/''' in the path.  From this I see that '''oe/openembedded/recipes/images''' has a bunch of files ending in '''-image'''.  Take a look at '''console-image.bb''' and see what you can figure out.
 
 
 
== Step 6 - Loading your SD card ==
 
 
 
The output of the bitbake command will ultimately be found under the <code>$OE_HOME/angstrom-dev/deploy/glibc/images/beagleboard</code>. In there you can find at least two interesting files:
 
<pre>
 
console-image-beagleboard.tar.bz2
 
uImage-beagleboard.bin
 
</pre>
 
The console image represents a full and self-contained file system, *including* a kernel. The uImage-beagleboard.bin is a Linux kernel image suitable for loading by the U-boot bootloader.
 
 
 
* Rename '''uImage-beagleboard.bin''' as '''uImage''' and load on your SD as before ([[ECE597 Getting your Beagle running (precompiled)]]). 
 
* Also load '''console-image-beagleboard.tar.bz2''' on the 2<sup>nd</sup> partition like you did before.  Did you notice it untar's very quickly?  Why?
 
* Boot and explore.  What's there?  What's missing?
 
 
 
Congratulations you've just build Linux from source.  Try this:
 
<pre>
 
beagleboard login: root
 
root@beagleboard:~# cd /sys/class
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class# ls -F
 
bdi/          hwmon/        misc/        scsi_generic/ usb_device/
 
block/        i2c-adapter/  mmc_host/    scsi_host/    usb_endpoint/
 
bluetooth/    i2c-dev/      mtd/          sound/        usb_host/
 
bmi/          ieee80211/    net/          spi_master/  usbmon/
 
display/      input/        regulator/    spidev/      vc/
 
firmware/    leds/        rtc/          thermal/      vtconsole/
 
gpio/        mdio_bus/    scsi_device/  tty/
 
graphics/    mem/          scsi_disk/    ubi/
 
</pre>
 
This is a list of low-level devices on the Beagle that you can access as files.  Try:
 
<pre>
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class# cd leds/
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class/leds# ls -F
 
beagleboard::usr0@ beagleboard::usr1@
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/class/leds# cd beagleboard\:\:usr0
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/devices/platform/leds-gpio/leds/beagleboard::usr0# cat trigger
 
none nand-disk mmc0 mmc1 [heartbeat]
 
</pre>
 
This is a list of values you can assign to trigger.  Notice LED0 is blinking on and off right now. Try:
 
<pre>
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/devices/platform/leds-gpio/leds/beagleboard::usr0# echo none > trigger
 
root@beagleboard:/sys/devices/platform/leds-gpio/leds/beagleboard::usr0# echo 1 > brightness
 
</pre>
 
What happens?  Play around.  [http://groups.google.com/group/beagleboard/msg/c623a16637625685?hl=en Here] are instructions on reading the '''USER''' switch.  Try it.  Can you make the LEDs blink in response to the button being pressed?
 
 
 
== Step 7 - Building a complete Beagle demo image ==
 
 
 
Now let's build the how demo we were running before.  We'll do this via bitbake, but argument do we give it?  Try looking in <code>oe/openembedded/recipes/images</code>, do you see a recipe that might work?  Hint:  It has beagle in the name.  Here's what I tried.
 
<pre>
 
$ time bitbake beagle????-image
 
</pre>
 
Replace ???? with the recipe name you found.  I added the '''time''' command so I could see how long it takes to run.  My run took some 7.5 hours.
 
 
 
If you're having trouble with Gimp and/or gnumeric, consult [[ECE597 OpenEmbedded Issues and Problem_Solving]].
 
 
 
== Step 7.5 Building a complete unstable Beagle demo image ==
 
I did not have as much luck getting Ångström working in the stable OE branch, but I was able to make dev work.  You should see that there are two branches available to to choose from.
 
<pre>
 
$ git branch
 
  org.openembedded.dev
 
* stable/2009
 
</pre>
 
 
 
So switch to the .dev branch by saying
 
 
 
<pre>
 
$ git checkout org.openembedded.dev
 
$ git pull # may not be needed
 
</pre>
 
 
 
The OE dev branch '''does not''' ship with its own version of bitbake, so you will need to obtain bitbake from another source. Compiling from the OE dev branch seems to require an up-to-date version of bitbake. Install this by running
 
 
 
<pre>
 
$ cd ${OETREE}
 
$ wget http://download.berlios.de/bitbake/bitbake-1.8.18.tar.gz
 
$ tar -xvf bitbake-1.8.18.tar.gz
 
</pre>
 
This will download and unpack version 1.8.18 of bitbake. Currently, this version seems to work well with the OE dev branch. You must now edit the path that points to bitbake in the source-me.txt file so that it will point to the directory containing this version of bitbake. You should change the line containing
 
 
 
<pre>
 
PATH=${OETREE}/openembedded/bitbake/bin:${ORG_PATH}
 
</pre>
 
to the following:
 
 
 
<pre>
 
PATH=${OETREE}/bitbake-1.8.18/bin:${ORG_PATH}
 
</pre>
 
'''''NOTE''''': If you have modified the <code>GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES</code> setting in <code>${OETREE}/build/conf/local.conf</code> to contain only <code>en_US.UTF-8</code>, your build may fail due to missing required locales. You should have this set to <code>GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES = "en_US.UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8 pt_BR.UTF-8 es_ES.UTF-8 kn_IN.UTF-8 ml_IN.UTF-8 ta_IN.UTF-8"</code> for the build to be successful. If you local.conf file does not have a line containing <code>GLIBC_GENERATE_LOCALES</code>, your build still should be successful as it will, by default, include all available locales, including those mentioned above.  Can you figure out where this list of locals came from?
 
 
 
We must now wipe out our stable build directory, as the two branches are not compatible.  (Feel free to make a backup if you feel inclined).
 
<pre>
 
$ rm -rf ${OETREE}/angstrom-dev/
 
</pre>
 
 
 
Now you may follow the directions above by running
 
<pre>
 
$ time bitbake beagle????-image
 
</pre>
 
 
 
This will take a VERY long time, as it must recompile everything that was done previously.  On my E8400 it took 10.4 hours to run with all locales, and 9.3 hours with only the ones I needed.  It also used 17gb of space.
 
 
 
Once it has finished take a look in
 
<pre>
 
$ ls ${OETREE}/angstrom-dev/deploy/glibc/images/beagleboard
 
</pre>
 
 
 
You should recognize the files from when you previously installed Angstrom, if not re-read [[ECE597_Getting_your_Beagle_running_(precompiled)]]
 
 
 
The first boot of my beagle took a very long time...a few minutes (subsequent boots are faster), the beagle will hang on the below screen for a while, just let it go and it will continue.
 
<pre>
 
INIT: version 2.86 booting
 
Error. Cannot create canvas. Abort.
 
</pre>
 
 
 
I also saw a lot of these errors, again you can probably ignore them. (if you can figure out how to fix, post fix here)
 
<pre>
 
Cannot find fifo at /mnt/.splash/exquisite.
 
</pre>
 
To fix it just do:
 
<pre>
 
opkg remove exquisite
 
</pre>
 
It will some speed up boot (it will not hung for a few min after INIT: version 2.86 booting). But you will not see Angstrom boot-logo and a boot progress bar. But if you get this error, probably you did not see it anyway.
 

Revision as of 12:02, 20 July 2016

thumb‎ Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder


This class is about developing software for embedded Linux. So far we have been doing all of our development on the Beagle. This works well for small (and not so small) programs. However, we are now moving into kernel development and that's best done on a more powerful host computer. In EBC_Exercise_08_Installing_Development_Tools_4.4 you learned how to download and install the cross compilers and the source for kernel and u-boot. Now we'll use those tools.

Cross compiling Hello World

Normally when you compile you compile on the machine that will run the code. You can compile and run on the Bone, but sometimes (like when compiling the kernel) it's better to use a more powerful machine for the compiling. First we'll compile helloWorld.c on the host computer and run it there, then we'll cross compile it on the host to run on the Bone.

If you've set up your git repository you will find it in helloWorld.c when you do a git pull. Compile and run it on your host to be sure it works.

host$ gcc helloWorld.c
host$ file a.out
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), 
 dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.24, 
 BuildID[sha1]=0x357e34e90f7c32d414368d69cc06d0aed59acf1c, not stripped
host$ ./a.out
Hello, World! Main is executing at 0x400524
This address (0x7fff8260bdf8) is in our stack frame
This address (0x601038) is in our bss section
This address (0x601020) is in our data section

Now that you know it's working, let's cross compile it. First set the paths to find the cross-compiler. Put the following in a file, call it ~/crossCompileEnv.sh.

export ARCH=arm
export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabihf-
export PATH=$PATH:~/BeagleBoard/bb-kernel/dl/gcc-linaro-5.3-2016.02-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/bin

Make sure the PATH you use goes to the bin directory where the cross compiler is installed.

Now source the file and compile again. (Note: you only have to source once per terminal session.)

host$ source ~/crossCompileEnv.sh
host$ ${CROSS_COMPILE}gcc helloWorld.c
host$ file a.out
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB  executable, ARM, EABI5 version 1 (SYSV), 
 dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, 
 BuildID[sha1]=b9222cbcee442470c7b89ac294e392a631c82264, not stripped

The file command tells what's in the file. In this case we have an ARM executable. Success! Now copy to your Beagle and run

host$ scp a.out root@192.168.7.2:.
host$ ssh root@192.168.7.2 ./a.out
Hello, World! Main is executing at 0x8374
This address (0xbeb32d4c) is in our stack frame
This address (0x10650) is in our bss section
This address (0x10648) is in our data section

The scp copies a.out to the beagle and the ssh runs the a.out on the beagle. Notice the addresses are very different from the host version.




thumb‎ Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder