System Size

Here are some links to information and projects related to Linux system size.

Configuration Options

 * Kernel Size Tuning Guide - document about measuring kernel size and configuring the kernel for smallest size

The Linux-tiny patchset

 * The Linux Tiny patch set is a collection of patches which can be used to make the Linux kernel consume less space. The long-term goal of the Linux-tiny project is to mainline these patches.  Several patches have been mainlined over the last few years, and work continues in this area.

Compiler options for reducing kernel size
An LWN article talks about three gcc options to shrink the kernel.

Shrinking the Kernel with GCC

The first option is -Os which is already in the tiny kernel patch.

The second option is new in gcc 3.4, -funit-at-a-time. This apparently makes gcc do a much better job of inlining and dead code removal. It reduces the size of both text and data. It depends on another inlining patch that I think is in the tiny kernel patch (maybe same idea but different details).

The third option, -mregparm=3, seems to be x86 specific, it instructs the compiler to use registers for the first three function arguments. by John Rigby

Runtime size of kernel
Often, the focus of memory size reduction for the kernel is on the size of the statically compiled image for the kernel. However, the kernel also allocates memory dynamically when it runs. On loading, the kernel creates several tables for things like network and file system structures.

Here is a table showing different kernel hash tables, and their approximate size for a 2.6 kernel. (Table taken from page 25 of http://logfs.org/~joern/data_structures.pdf )

File system compression
For read-only data, it is useful to utilize a compressed file system. The following are used heavily in embedded systems:
 * JFFS2
 * Cramfs
 * SquashFS

See the File Systems page for more information.

Use of a smaller libc
Glibc is the default C library used for Linux systems. Glibc is about 2 meg. in size. Other C libraries are also available for Linux, and they offer varying degrees of compatibility and size savings. In general, uClibc is considered a very good alternative to glibc, for systems where size is an issue.


 * uClibc - small footprint but complete C library
 * dietlibc - another library to produce very small statically compiled executables.
 * klibc - very small library for use in init ram filesystems
 * Subset Libc Specification - CELF once considered the possibility of creating a subset libc specification. Some companies have also examined the possibility of modularizing glibc, so that parts of it can be made configurable.  Preliminary research indicates that this could be a very difficult thing, since glibc has very messy function interdependencies.

Static Linking
If your set of applications is small, sometimes it makes more sense to statically link your applications than to use shared libraries. Shared libraries by default include all symbols (functions and data structures) for the features a library provides. However, when you static link a program to a library, only the symbols that are actually referenced are linked in and included in the program.

Library reduction
It is possible to reduce the size of shared libraries, by eliminating unused symbols.

MontaVista released a tool for library optimization. This tool scans the entire file system, and can rebuild the shared libraries for the system, including only the symbols needed for the set of applications in the indicated file system.

Care needs to be taken with this approach, since it may make it difficult to use add-on programs or or do in-field upgrades (since symbols required by the new software may not be present in the optimized libraries). But for some fixed-function devices, this can reduce your library footprint dramatically.

See http://libraryopt.sourceforge.net/

Deferred Library Loading
It is possible to reduce the RAM runtime footprint for a product, by lazily loading shared libraries, and by breaking up library dependencies. Panasonic did some research into a process called Deferred Library Loading, which they presented at ELC 2007.

See the Deferred Dynamic Loading presentation.

Execute-in-place
You can save RAM memory by using some text or data directly from flash.

Kernel XIP
By executing the kernel in-place from flash, it is possible to save RAM space.
 * see Kernel XIP

Application XIP
By executing applications in-place from flash, it is possible to save RAM space.
 * see Application XIP

Data Read In Place (DRIP)
This is a technique for keeping data in flash, until it is written to, and then making a RAM page for it.
 * see Data Read In Place

Kernel size measurement data
collect kernels and test them broke about the time of 2.6.17, and the system stopped operating at that time.
 * Bloatwatch - a kernel size regression analysis tool.
 * Bloatwatch provides a great amount of detail, and the ability to compare the size of kernel versions over time. The range of kernels covered is from 2.6.12-rc2 to 2.6.17-rc1. Unfortunately, the system to
 * If you have interest in reviving this tool to make it operational again, please contact User:Tim Bird. CELF has some contract money earmarked for this project.

How to measure the kernel image size

 * to see the size of the major kernel sections (code and data):

[tbird@crest ebony]$ size vmlinux */built-in.o  text    data     bss     dec     hex filename 2921377 369712  132996 3424085  343f55 vmlinux 764472  35692   22768  822932   c8e94 drivers/built-in.o 918344   22364   36824  977532   eea7c fs/built-in.o  18260    1868    1604   21732    54e4 init/built-in.o  39960     864     224   41048    a058 ipc/built-in.o 257292   14656   34516  306464   4ad20 kernel/built-in.o  34728     156    2280   37164    912c lib/built-in.o 182312    2704     736  185752   2d598 mm/built-in.o 620864   20820   26676  668360   a32c8 net/built-in.o   1912       0       0    1912     778 security/built-in.o    133       0       0     133      85 usr/built-in.o [tbird@crest ebony]$ nm --size -r vmlinux | head -10 00008000 b read_buffers 00004000 b __log_buf 00003100 B ide_hwifs 000024f8 T jffs2_garbage_collect_pass 00002418 T journal_commit_transaction 00002400 b futex_queues 000021a8 t jedec_probe_chip 00002000 b write_buf 00002000 D init_thread_union 00001e6c t tcp_ack
 * to see the size of the largest kernel symbols:

How to measure the memory usage at runtime
See Runtime Memory Measurement for a description of ways to measure runtime memory usage in Linux.

Also, see Accurate Memory Measurement for a description of techniques (and patches) which can be used to measure the runtime memory more accurately.

Linux size increase from 2.4 to 2.6
Linux increased in size by between 10% and 30% from version 2.4 to 2.6. This incremental growth in kernel size has been a big concern by forum members.

Please see the Szwg Linux 26Data page for supporting data.

GCC Code-Size Benchmarking
CSiBE is a code size benchmark for the GCC compiler. The primary purpose of CSiBE is to monitor the size of the code generated by GCC. In addition, compilation time and code performance measurements are also provided.

CSiBE

Case Studies

 * Motorola reduction of system size (presumably for cell phones) using 2.4 Linux: MotSizeReduction.ppt - this is a placeholder for this Powerpoint as it was too big to upload to the wiki. Email btraynor at gmail.com if you need it immediately.

Memory leak detection for the kernel
Catalin Marinas of ARM has been recently (as of 2.6.17?) been posting a memory leak detector for the Linux kernel. It may get mainlined in the future. Here's a link to the LKML discussions around it: http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/6/11/39

How System Size may affect performance
It has long been theorized that reducing system size could provide a performance benefit because it could reduce cache misses. There does not appear to be hard data to support this theory on Linux, but this has been discussed on the kernel mailing list.

See this post by Linus Torvalds