FR:RPi Beginners

Restructuration en cours, nous vous prions de nous excuser pour les désagréments. '''

=Par où commencer ?= Une très bonne question, mais sans réponse facile !
 * 1) '''Si vous voulez des informations sur les cartes SD et leur configuration, voir  ici
 * 2) Si vous désirez acheter un RPi, alors voir le Guide d'achat.
 * 3) Si vous désirez connaître l'équipement de base requis et comment brancher le tout, voir la page sur la configuration matérielle de base.
 * 4) Si vous avez besoin de programmer une carte SD, voir la section Préinstaller votre carte.
 * 5) Si vous avez des problèmes à faire fonctionner le tout, regardez la section Dépannage.
 * 6) Si vous avez besoin d'aide avec Debian, essayez le Wiki Debian.
 * 7) Si votre carte SD est programmée avec la version Wheezy de Debian, vous trouverez quelques conseils sur ce quevous verrez en premier - le menu raspi-config RPi_raspi-config
 * 8) Un peu d'aide pour les débutants avec une disposition originale sur les installations Wheezy ou Raspbian ici
 * 9) Si vous n'avez pas de moniteur composite ou HDMI alors, peut-être seriez-vous intéressé par une méthode de connexion en aveugle
 * 10) Construisez vous-même un serveur web LAMP avec Wheezy.
 * 11) Connexion VNC pour les débutants intéressés par la télésurveillance VNC sur une installation wheezy (débutants qui se connectent en aveugle)
 * 12) Si vous avez déjà fait tout ça, et que vous attendez la suite...bienvenue et poursuivez votre lecture !

References needed (idea for new section Living Without RPi, which can guide users or link to info to users who haven't got RPis) Link to emulation builds or live linux cds setup for beginners (RacyPy2 for example) If you don't have a Raspberry Pi yet, you can still try things out, see Windows RPi Emulator for details.

=Qu'est-ce-que Linux et pourquoi ne pas utiliser Windows ?= Linux est un système d'exploitation tout comme Windows, cependant, au contraire de Windows (qui a besoin d'un ensemble de matériel requis pour fonctionner, par exemple : ceci convient sinon achetez autre chose), Linux est disponible sous plusieurs variantes et configurations ce qui signifie que vous pouvez habituellement trouver une version (ou distribution) qui convient à votre matériel, petit ou gros, rapide ou lent.

Le Raspberry Pi n'est pas conçu pour fonctionner sous Windows en raison de son matériel limité, mais de nombreuses distributions Linux conviennent à merveille. De plus, presque toutes les distributions Linux sont gratuites, alors que Windows coute plusieurs fois le prix du Raspberry Pi lui-même.

Il est d'ailleurs probable que vous possédiez déjà chez vous des équipements sous Linux sans que vous le sachiez, car Linux est très souvent utilisé dans les liseuses d'ebook Kindle, télévisions modernes, décodeurs vidéo et box internet pour s'assurer que l'enregistrement de Inbetweeners ou Prison Break se passe bien !

Plus plus d'informations sur Linux, voir Wikipedia

Voir aussi la FAQ de l'utilisateur final Et Exécuter XXX sur le RPi

=Configuration Debian RPi de base= Lorsque vous allumerez votre Raspberry Pi avec une image Debian toute neuve sur votre carte SD, vous aurez probablement envie de modifier quelques paramètres du système.

Utilisateur et mot de passe par défaut
Voir la colonne Username:Password du tableau des distributions pour accéder à votre Pi.

Paramètres régionaux
En configurant les paramètres régionaux, vous pouvez changer les options de langue et de pays (e.g. pour obtenir l'ordre correct des dates) pour la plupart des logiciels disponibles pour le RPi. Par défaut, le RPi est configuré sur English/Great Britain ("en_GB").

Vous pouvez modifier cela avec sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales

Vous obtiendrez une très longue liste des paramètres possibles. Vous pouvez activer/désactiver un choix en pressant la barre espace (pas Entrée), et faire défiler la liste avec les touches fléchées ou PageHaut/PageBas.

Choisir "All locales" générera toutes les valeurs possibles, nécessitant beaucoup de temps et d'espace. Ne sélectionnez que celles que vous utiliserez.

Il est très fortement recommandé de s'en tenir uniquement à des caractères UTF-8, et de laisser en_GB.UTF-8 sélectionné, en plus des éventuels autres paramètres que vous avez choisis.

Si vous n'êtes pas sûr du choix à faire, recherchez un code de langue à deux lettres et un code de pays à deux lettres sur Wikipédia, et voyez si vous pouvez trouver quelque chose qui correspond à votre zone géographique.

Lorsque vous aurez terminé, appuyez sur Entrée. On vous demandera de choisir une valeur par défaut.

Keyboard layout
If different letters appear on-screen from that which you typed, you need to reconfigure you keyboard settings. In Debian, from a command line type:

sudo dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration

Follow the prompts.

Or: From the command line type: sudo nano /etc/default/keyboard

Then find where it says

XKBLAYOUT="gb"

and change the gb to the two-letter code for your country. 

Also, see the Troubleshooting Guide for more information about remapping the keyboard.

You may need to restart for the changes to take effect.

If you get a very long delay during the keyboard mapping at startup, type the following once on the command line after you have logged in:

sudo setupcon

If the selected keyboard layout is not applied in the console (that is, when not running under X), try:

sudo apt-get install console-data

Timezone
Unless you live in Great Britain, you'll have to change the default timezone:

sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

Select geographic area - Europe, America or whatever. Etc gives UNIX compatible time zones including CUT, GMT, UTC

Select city

Follow the prompts to finish the config. The change should be immediate.

Create a new user with sudo-privileges
'''NOTE:Be careful when using visudo! If you use the incorrect format, you may not be able to sudo for any user!'''

If you do manage to invalidate your /etc/sudoers file, see section "Repair /etc/sudoers file" on how to recover

You may want to create a new user account for yourself.

Type in following command in the terminal to create a new user (for example the user john):

sudo adduser john

Follow the steps.

To allow the newly created user to use the "sudo" command, type: sudo visudo

Add following line under the "root ALL=(ALL) ALL" Line:

john ALL=(ALL) ALL

Now press CTRL+O, X to save and exit the editor.

Alternatively instead of adding the user to the sudoers list, you can add your user to the sudo group with the following command:

adduser john sudo

Repair /etc/sudoers file
sudo: parse error in /etc/sudoers near line 29 sudo: no valid sudoers sources found, quitting sudo: unable to initialize policy plugin

If you have edited your sudoers file and get the message above, do not worry - it is easy to recover pkexec bash

You will be prompted for the pi password. The initial password for pi is "raspberry"

You will now be connected as root user. Use "visudo" to repair the configuration file

Debian Wheezy, using raspi-config
Debian Wheezy has a menu that will do some of the above and more. See raspi-config

=Intro to the CLI (Command Line Interface)= You will need to use the Command Line Interface at some point in your management of the RPi. The command line interface is a powerful way to interact with the Raspberry Pi and is well worth learning some basic commands to get started with.

For an introductory guide to some basic commands please see: Command Line Interface "Must Have" Commands. Featured on the Raspberry Pi home page was also a link to this site for "learning the shell"

Your SD card may boot into a GUI, if not and you are done with the text interface and want to use a graphical one instead, run:

startx

=Remote Access= Your default install probably has a ssh (secure shell) "daemon" running. This means that you can run everything on your Rpi with only the network attached. Provided you know which ip address it has. With appropriate software installed on your Winodws, Mac or Linux PC, you can also run a gui remotely.

Prior to your initial remote access it is recommended that you regenerate unique host public/private ID keys with the following command rm /etc/ssh/ssh_host_* && dpkg-reconfigure openssh-server

More details about remote access (including remote GUI are at RPi Remote Access

=Installing and updating software to your Raspberry Pi= You will probably want to add software to your Raspberry Pi, as well as keep the current packages up to date. With Raspbian this is performed using apt-get. The most common commands can be found in the adding software page. It is good practice to regularly ensure you run the update and upgrade commands detailed in the guide to ensure you have the most up to date software packages.

The apt-get package for Raspbian will also keep the GPU firmware updated to the latest stable release. If you'd like to try the bleeding edge releases you can read more on the RPi Software.

=Adding USB Storage to Your Raspberry Pi= Sooner or later, you're going to run out of room on the SD card used to boot up your Raspberry Pi. For a tutorial on how to connect USB flash drives and hard drives to your Pi to expand storage, see: Adding USB Drives to a Raspberry Pi

=Beginner Projects= Here are a few things you can try out with your Raspberry Pi, in most cases all you'll need is your SD Card loaded with a particular preconfigured OS Distribution.

It will be worth getting a few spare SD Cards if you think you will switch between setups regularly or become familiar with how to back up and restore your card. Reference needed - a good guide on how to backup and restore cards or software to do this easily

Backup your SD card
For Windows users the 'Raw HDD Copy Tool' from HDD Guru works well to backup and restore your SD card between projects. This can backup and restore the entire card sector by sector to/from an img file, and doesn't care which file system is on the card.

Raw HDD Copy Tool

Linux and Mac OS(X) users can use the dd tool that comes with most versions of Linux (including Raspbian) to save the contents of an SD card as an image file. Warning: be sure to use this tool carefully as accidentally choosing your hard drive as the output will destroy all data on it.

Mac OSX users can use PiCloner. The PiCloner app is easy to use and will help you detect your SD card, back it up to an img file and is able to compress the img using GZIP to decrease backup size. PiCloner is Free Open Source Software (FOSS) released under a BSD License so it's Free as in; Free Beer!

Media Player
With this configuration you will typically have the Raspberry Pi connected to a TV or large monitor and a source of videos/music/photos etc you wish to play (i.e. Internet/hard-drive/local network etc).

DesignSpark have written an article on this, which is worth a look, DesignSpark - Raspberry Pi goes to the movies

You can download an installer from www.raspbmc.com which will install to your desktop (IOS, Windows, Linux) and write the latest install to your SD card. You then boot your Pi with the card and go through the config steps.

There is a breif video basic tutorial here: http://www.instructables.com/id/RaspberryPi-Media-center-XMBC/

Reference needed - More information is needed on specific configuration choices for raspbmc, although raspbmc.com does have a wiki.

Play Games
While there are not any commercial games for the Raspberry Pi (yet) there are plenty ways to play games on it.

Many distributions will have games built into them, and some may well support emulation of other platforms so you can run those games.

Also, a lot of Raspberry Pi users will be writing simple games which will be available for others to enjoy (and if desired added to or modified).

Reference needed - game section is empty at the moment! See the Games Section for more details

Introducing Young Children To Computers
Reference needed - some kid friendly and fun stuff!

Teaching
There is a huge number of groups, links and resources available within the Education section. Reference needed - links to the learning pages, education links and school/university groups

Learn To Program
There is a huge selection of programming languages which you can use to write interesting programs, games, applications and utilities. There are also more great links within the Education section.

There is a huge selection to choose from (not just Python...) which should suit any ability and a range of purposes.

If you are new to programming, there are plenty of tutorials for getting started in the Tutorials Section. Books about programming can be found in the Books Section.

In the latest Debian, Python (+Pygame) and MIT Scratch are pre-installed.


 * Raspberry Pi Beginners (videos)
 * Raspberry Pi YouTube Tutorials (videos)
 * My First Raspberry Pi Game (videos)
 * Easy GPIO Hardware & Software (videos) - in-progress at the moment

Reference needed - links to the learning pages, recommended books?

Interface With Hardware

 * 1) Interfacing with Arduino

Reference needed - links to basic circuits tutorials and expansion boards

Word Processing/Internet Browsing etc
Yes, the Raspberry Pi can do the majority of the dull stuff too which other computers do.

Debian currently comes with Midori installed for web browsing and word processing programs be installed rather easily.


 * Entering "sudo apt-get install chromium-browser" into a terminal will install Chromium which is generally a faster and more featured browser than Midori
 * Entering "sudo apt-get install openoffice.org" into a terminal will install OpenOffice.org, a free Microsoft Office-like application suite
 * Entering "sudo apt-get install abiword-common" into a terminal will install AbiWord, a lighter weight but still fully functional word processor
 * Entering "sudo apt-get install gnumeric" into a terminal will install Gnumeric, a lighter weight but still fully functional spreadsheet

More information needed

Your Own Pet Project!
The sky is the limit really, with some time and effort any number of projects can be achieved.

Even if you don't have the skill to do it yourself, you can join like minded people by getting involved with one of the numerous groups in the Community Section, also within the Education pages or learn what you need in from the Guides & Tutorials sections.

Of course, if you do anything interesting then please let us know in the Projects section.

=Living Without RPi= Even if you do not have any Raspberry Pi hardware there are a number things you can do to learn about linux, programming or even controlling hardware.

Using Linux
You can install a version of Linux on most computers, and many you will be able to "try out" Linux by using a "Live CD" - this will start your computer up running from a CD or DVD and run Linux (without installing anything to the computer itself).

RacyPy - This is a simple LiveCD of Puppy Linux which includes some basic programming languages and a light-weight graphical user interface (GUI).

You can get it from here:

teampython RacyPy

Trying Programming
Many of the programming languages you can use on the Raspberry Pi can be installed on a Windows or Mac machine. Just visit the websites of the languages you are interested in and see if they have an installer for your operating system.

Controlling Hardware
As discussed in the Easy GPIO Hardware & Software tutorials, there are lots of alternative hardware you can use to experiment with (some as little as $5).

=About This Page - For Contributors=

The intention of this page is to provide a starting point for beginners and to direct them to the kind of information a person would need in order to start doing something useful or interesting with a Raspberry Pi.

It is not intended to contain or replicate much of the information already available on-line or elsewhere in the wiki, however please create new wiki pages and link them here if there is information beginners will find useful (similarly any section which grows too much here, should be separated into new pages as and when needed)!

At the moment building up ideas of content of typical things beginners will want to know and the kind of things they will want to do first.

=Références=