RPi SPI

NOTE: Similar documentation can be found on the official Raspberry Pi Documentation Project page.

The BCM2835 on the Raspberry Pi has 3 SPI Controllers. The main SPI (with two slave selects) is available on the header of all Pis with Linux kernel support. The second SPI (with the option of up to three slave selects) is available on 40-pin versions of Pis, with kernel support from Raspbian Jessie 2016-05-10 distribution and up.

Chapter 10 in the BCM2835 ARM Peripherals datasheet describes the main controller. Chapter 2.3 describes the auxiliary controller.

Hardware
The main SPI interface is referred to as SPI0 in the documentation. The second is SPI1.

Linux driver
The default Linux driver is spi_bcm2708.

SPI0 is disabled by default. To enable manually you must add dtparam=spi=on on /boot/config.txt file.

To enable SPI1, you can use 1, 2 or 3 chip select lines, adding in each case: dtoverlay=spi1-1cs #1 chip select dtoverlay=spi1-2cs #2 chip select dtoverlay=spi1-3cs #3 chip select on /boot/config.txt file.

The following information was valid from 2013-05-15.

Master modes

 * Standard mode
 * In Standard SPI master mode the peripheral implements the standard 3 wire serial protocol.
 * Signal names: Clock=CLK, ChipSelect=CE, SerialOut=MOSI (Master Out Slave In), SerialIn=MISO (Master In Slave Out)


 * Bidirectional mode
 * In bidirectional SPI master mode the same SPI standard is implemented except that a single wire is used for the data (MIMO) instead of the two as in standard mode (MISO and MOSI).
 * Signal names: Clock=CLK, ChipSelect=CE, SerialINOut=MOMI (Master Out Master In) or MIMO (Master In Master Out)


 * LoSSI mode (Low Speed Serial Interface)
 * The LoSSI standard allows us to issue commands to peripherals and to transfer data to and from them.
 * LoSSI commands and parameters are 8 bits long, but an extra bit is used to indicate whether the byte is a command or data.
 * This extra bit is set high for a parameter and low for a command. The resulting 9-bit value is serialized to the output.
 * When reading from a LoSSI peripheral the standard allows us to read bytes of data, as well as 24 and 32 bit words.
 * Signal names: Clock=SCL, ChipSelect=CS, SerialOut=SDA (Serial DAta)


 * The signal name SDA indicates that this could be a bidirectional bus.
 * The Nokia 5800 schematics shows LoSSI Data In and LoSSI Data Out as connected.
 * This post also supports this.

Transfer modes

 * Polled
 * Interrupt
 * DMA

Speed
The CDIV (Clock Divider) field of the CLK register sets the SPI clock speed SCLK = Core Clock / CDIV If CDIV is set to 0, the divisor is 65536. The divisor must be a power of 2. Odd numbers rounded down. The maximum SPI clock rate is of the APB clock. Errata (http://elinux.org/BCM2835_datasheet_errata): "must be a power of 2" probably should be "must be a multiple of 2"

Chip Select
The main controller SPI0 supports 3 Chip selects, but only 2 are available on the header (GPIO08 for SPI0_CE0_N and GPIO07 for SPI0_CE1_N). For SPI1 are 3 chip selects on the P1 header (GPIO18 for SPI1_CE0_N, GPIO17 for SPI1_CE1_N and GPIO16 for SPI1_CE2_N), but you can use 2 or 3 pin overlay versions.

Setup and Hold times related to the automatic assertion and de-assertion of the CS lines when operating in DMA mode (DMAEN and ADCS set) are as follows:
 * The CS line will be asserted at least 3 core clock cycles before the msb of the first byte of the transfer.
 * The CS line will be de-asserted no earlier than 1 core clock cycle after the trailing edge of the final clock pulse.

Speed
The driver supports the following speeds cdiv   speed 2   125.0 MHz 4    62.5 MHz 8    31.2 MHz 16    15.6 MHz 32     7.8 MHz 64     3.9 MHz 128    1953 kHz 256     976 kHz 512     488 kHz 1024     244 kHz 2048     122 kHz 4096      61 kHz 8192    30.5 kHz 16384    15.2 kHz 32768    7629 Hz

When asking for say 24 MHz, the actual speed will be 15.6 MHz. The fastest reported working speed is 32 MHz.

SPI has more speeds

Supported Mode bits

 * SPI_CPOL - Clock polarity
 * SPI_CPHA - Clock phase
 * SPI_CS_HIGH - Chip Select active high
 * SPI_NO_CS - 1 dev/bus, no chipselect

Supported bits per word

 * 8 - Normal
 * 9 - This is supported using LoSSI mode.

Transfer modes
Only interrupt mode is supported.

Deprecated
The following appears in the kernel log on Linux version 3.6.11+ bcm2708_spi bcm2708_spi.0: master is unqueued, this is deprecated

SPI driver latency
This thread discusses latency problems.

This driver proposes a solution to those problems (Pull Request). It also solves the deprecation problem.

DMA capable driver
https://github.com/notro/spi-bcm2708 (wiki)

Loopback test
This can be used to test SPI send and receive. Put a wire between MOSI and MISO. It does not test CE0 and CE1. wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/torvalds/linux/master/tools/spi/spidev_test.c gcc -o spidev_test spidev_test.c ./spidev_test -D /dev/spidev0.0

If you get SPI_TX_QUAD undeclared, use this instead wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raspberrypi/linux/rpi-3.10.y/Documentation/spi/spidev_test.c

Software
echo -ne "\x01\x02\x03" > /dev/spidev0.0
 * pigpio provides access to both the main and auxiliary SPI interfaces available on Pi's with the 40 pin expansion header.
 * wiringPi
 * Shell
 * 1) Write binary 1, 2 and 3