Optimize RC Scripts

RC Scripts Speed-Up
This material was excerpted from a document with the following copyright statement:
 * Copyright 2002, 2003, 2004 Sony Corporation
 * Copyright 2002, 2003, 2004 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
 * Copyright 2002-2004 by MontaVista Software.

It was submitted as input to the forum by Sony Corporation, on April 8, 2004.

Introduction
The init scripts of the existing Embedded Linux distribution are the shell scripts to be executed with ’bash’. To reduce system boot time, some modifications to be applied to the scripts and faster shell interpreter to be used. The document describes the BusyBox optimizations; the init scripts modifications; how to reduce the system boot time using the optimized BusyBox, and to optimize shell scripts for BusyBox. Also, the benchmark procedure and optimization results are described.

Purpose of Feature
The init scripts execution time, i.e. the time interval between the start of the init process and the start of user applications, must be reduced.

Feature requirements

 * The modified init scripts must be run with "bash" as well as the BusyBox "ash" shell.
 * The execution time of the init scripts and the total system boot time must be reduced.
 * The guide to speed-optimization of the init scripts must be provided.

Acceptance Criteria

 * The modified init scripts are able to successfully run with "bash" as well as the BusyBox "ash" shell.
 * The execution time of the init scripts with BusyBox is reduced in the comparison with the original init scripts with "bash"; the total system boot time is not greater then 5 sec.
 * The guide to speed-optimization of the init scripts is available.

BusyBox Optimization
Since ’bash’ and GNU utilities are very heavy applications, BusyBox is useful to reduce system boot time. BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities (shellutils, fileutils, etc.) into a single small executable. The commands and utilities included in BusyBox are divided into the classes: built-ins and applets. The built-ins are simply invoked as functions, and applets are invoked by means of the ’fork/exec’ system calls. Also, BusyBox scripts can use external commands and utilities.

Usage of the BusyBox built-ins is rather than the applets and external commands by performance reasons, because the ’fork/exec’ system calls are very heavy and they make the main contribution to shell inefficiency. Because the original BusyBox is only size-optimized, the following features must be considered from the performance standpoint:
 * Each command including built-ins within pipes are forked.
 * Each back-quoted command is forked.
 * The ’echo’, ’test’, and ’[’ commands and other most frequent commands in the scripts are implemented as applets.

To avoid such drawbacks, we optimized BusyBox 1.00-pre3 in order to speed up script execution. The BusyBox optimizations for the ’ash’ shell are listed below:
 * The set of shell commands and utilities is implemented as built-ins.
 * The invoked ’cat’ command at the beginning of pipes is eliminated and file descriptors are passed only into the next command of the pipe.

The following shell commands and utilities are implemented as built-ins in the optimized BusyBox ’ash’ shell: ’,’, ’:’,’[’, ’alias’, ’break’, ’cd’, ’chdir’, ’continue’, ’echo’, ’eval’, ’exec’, ’exit’, ’export’, ’false’, ’kill’, ’let’, ’local’, ’pidof’, ’pwd’, ’read’, ’readonly’, ’return’, ’set’, ’shift’, ’test’, ’times’, ’trap’, ’true’, ’type’, ’ulimit’, ’umask’, ’unalias’, ’unset’, ’wait’.

NOTE: This need seems to be addressed for all applets at least in Busybox 1.1.1 (and perhaps in earlier versions). The "Shells -> Standalone shell" configuration setting is supposed to address this need. See the menuconfig help for details.

Known Problems
The following BusyBox commands work in the different manner from the ’bash’ commands and GNU utilities: ’nice’, ’find’, ’mount’, ’umount’, ’init’, ’halt’, ’shutdown’, ’syslogd’, ’klogd’, ’hwclock’, ’cron’, ’anacron’, ’crontab’.

Use the external commands instead of them, or avoid these commands in the scripts.

How to Optimize Init Scripts for BusyBox
Follow the rules listed below to reduce execution time for the init scripts:
 * Do not use unnecessary codes in the scripts.
 * Replace external commands and utilities with the BusyBox built-ins as far as possible.
 * Do not use the piped commands as far as possible.
 * Reduce the number of commands within a pipe.
 * Do not use the back-quoted commands as far as possible.

The main goal of such optimization is to reduce the number of the "fork/exec" calls during a script execution.

Examples of Init Scripts Optimization
The following examples demonstrate how the recommendations of shell scripts optimization can be applied to the init scripts.

Unnecessary codes elimination
This example demonstrates the elimination of duplicate codes from the "mountswap.sh" and "checkrootfs.sh" scripts: the command "swapon" runs one time in the modified scripts. checkrootfs.sh: if [ "$FSCKSWAP" !== no ] then if [ -x /sbin/swapon ] then mount -n /proc if ! grep -qs resync /proc/mdstat then [ "$VERBOSE" !== no ] && echo "Activating swap..."
 * Before optimization:

swapon -a 2> /dev/null fi      umount -n /proc fi fi

mountswap.sh: grep -qs resync /proc/mdstat || swapon -a 2> /dev/null

checkrootfs.sh:
 * After optimization:

mountswap.sh:

if [ "$FSCKSWAP" !== "no" ]; then if [ ! ‘grep -qs resync /proc/mdstat‘ ] then log_status_msg "Starting $DESC: " -n log_status_msg "$BASENAME1" -n $DAEMON1 $ARGS1 RET==$? if [ $RET -eq 0 ]; then log_success_msg ". " -n else log_failure_msg " failed ($RET: $ERROR)." return 1 fi   fi fi

Built-in usage
This example demonstrates usage of the "echo" built-in instead of the external command "printf" in the "nfs-common" script. nfs-common: printf "Starting $DESC:" printf " statd"
 * Before optimization:

log_status_msg { if [ "$1" !== "" ] && [ "$1" !== "-n" ] then
 * After optimization: init-functions:

if [ "$2" == "-n" ] then echo -n "$1" else echo "$1" fi

fi return 0 }

nfs-common.sh: log_status_msg "Starting $DESC: " -n log_status_msg "$BASENAME1" ?n

Piped command usage
This example demonstrates the elimination of the piped commands (the example is hypothetic, because the init scripts do not contain such inefficiencies). cat /proc/mounts | grep ext3 | cut -d’ ’ -f2,3
 * Before optimization:

sed -n ’s/^[^ ]* \([^ ]*\) \(ext3\) .*$/\1 \2/p’ /proc/mounts
 * After optimization:

This example demonstrates the reduction of the commands in the pipe (the example is also hypothetic). Note, the optimized version does not invoke the "fork" call, because the "cat" optimization is used. cat /etc/passwd | grep user | wc -l | tr -d ’’ | sed ’s/ *//’
 * Before optimization:

cat /etc/passwd | grep -c user
 * After optimization:

Back-quoted command usage
This example demonstrates the back-quoted command elimination (the example is hypothetic, because the init scripts do not contain such inefficiencies). if [ "‘grep rpcuser /etc/passwd‘" !== "" ] then echo "rpcuser" else echo "no rpcuser" fi
 * Before optimization:

if grep rpcuser /etc/passwd >/dev/null then echo "rpcuser" else echo "no rpcuser" fi
 * After optimization:

Init Scripts Optimization
The existing init scripts were modified to reduce their execution time following the recommendations, which are described above.

Benchmark Environment and Procedure
To estimate the results of the init script optimization and the BusyBox usage, the TI OMAP 1510 Innovator platform is used. To measure the duration of the kernel loading, the KFI support is used (to measure the init script execution time, the KFI support is disabled). The measurements are performed on the systems with/without XIP support To take measurements without the XIP support, the following kernel configuration is used:

CONFIG_ARM==y CONFIG_UID16==y CONFIG_RWSEM_GENERIC_SPINLOCK==y CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL==y CONFIG_ADVANCED_OPTIONS==y CONFIG_MODULES==y CONFIG_KMOD==y CONFIG_ARCH_OMAP==y CONFIG_OMAP_INNOVATOR==y CONFIG_INNOVATOR_MISSED_IRQS==y CONFIG_ARCH_OMAP1510==y CONFIG_CLOCK_COUNTS_DOWN==y CONFIG_CPU_32==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925T==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_CPU_IDLE==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_I_CACHE_ON==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_NON_STREAMING_ON==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_D_CACHE_ON==y CONFIG_CPU_32v4==y CONFIG_KERNEL_START==0xc0000000 CONFIG_ZBOOT_ROM_TEXT==0 CONFIG_ZBOOT_ROM_BSS==0 CONFIG_NET==y CONFIG_SYSVIPC==y CONFIG_SYSCTL==y

CONFIG_MAX_USER_RT_PRIO==100 CONFIG_MAX_RT_PRIO==0 CONFIG_FPE_NWFPE==m CONFIG_KCORE_ELF==y CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT==m CONFIG_BINFMT_ELF==y CONFIG_OMAP1510_PM==y CONFIG_DPM==y CONFIG_BOOT_FREQ==y CONFIG_OMAP_ARM_168MHZ==y CONFIG_OMAP1510_DPM==y CONFIG_INNOVATOR_DPM==y CONFIG_CMDLINE=="mem==32M console==ttyS0,115200n8 noinitrd root==/dev/null rootflags==physaddr==0x0260000" CONFIG_ALIGNMENT_TRAP==y CONFIG_PREEMPT==y CONFIG_LOCK_BREAK==y CONFIG_MTD==y CONFIG_MTD_PARTITIONS==y CONFIG_MTD_CONCAT==y CONFIG_MTD_CHAR==y CONFIG_MTD_BLOCK==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI==y CONFIG_MTD_GEN_PROBE==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_ADV_OPTIONS==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_NOSWAP==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_GEOMETRY==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_B2==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_I1==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_INTELEXT==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_AMDSTD==y CONFIG_MTD_OMAP==y CONFIG_MTD_OMAP_0==y CONFIG_MTD_OMAP_1==y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP==m CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM==y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_SIZE==4096 CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD==y CONFIG_PACKET==m CONFIG_NETFILTER==y CONFIG_UNIX==y CONFIG_INET==y CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST==y CONFIG_IP_PNP==y CONFIG_NETDEVICES==y CONFIG_NET_ETHERNET==y CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_SMC==y CONFIG_SMC9194==y CONFIG_PPP==m CONFIG_PPP_MULTILINK==y CONFIG_PPP_ASYNC==m CONFIG_PPP_DEFLATE==m CONFIG_PPPOE==m CONFIG_IRDA==m CONFIG_IRLAN==m CONFIG_IRNET==m CONFIG_IRCOMM==m CONFIG_OMAP_SIR==m CONFIG_INPUT==m CONFIG_INPUT_KEYBDEV==m CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV==m CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV_SCREEN_X==240 CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV_SCREEN_Y==320 CONFIG_INPUT_EVDEV==m CONFIG_VT==y CONFIG_VT_CONSOLE==y CONFIG_SERIAL==y CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE==y CONFIG_UNIX98_PTYS==y

CONFIG_UNIX98_PTY_COUNT==256 CONFIG_I2C==m CONFIG_I2C_ALGOBIT==m CONFIG_I2C_OMAP1510==m CONFIG_I2C_CHARDEV==m CONFIG_I2C_PROC==m CONFIG_SENSORS==y CONFIG_SENSORS_OTHER==y CONFIG_SENSORS_EEPROM==m CONFIG_WATCHDOG==y CONFIG_OMAP_WATCHDOG==m CONFIG_OMAP_RTC==m CONFIG_RV5C387_RTC==m CONFIG_RV5C387_RTC==m CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV==m CONFIG_VIDEO_PROC_FS==y CONFIG_AUTOFS4_FS==m CONFIG_EXT3_FS==m CONFIG_JBD==m CONFIG_FAT_FS==m CONFIG_MSDOS_FS==m CONFIG_VFAT_FS==m CONFIG_JFFS_FS==m CONFIG_JFFS_FS_VERBOSE==0 CONFIG_JFFS2_FS==y CONFIG_JFFS2_FS_DEBUG==0 CONFIG_CRAMFS==y CONFIG_CRAMFS_LINEAR==y CONFIG_CRAMFS_LINEAR_XIP==y CONFIG_ROOT_CRAMFS_LINEAR==y CONFIG_TMPFS==y CONFIG_RAMFS==y CONFIG_PROC_FS==y CONFIG_DEVPTS_FS==y CONFIG_EXT2_FS==m CONFIG_NFS_FS==y CONFIG_NFS_V3==y CONFIG_NFSD==m CONFIG_NFSD_V3==y CONFIG_SUNRPC==y CONFIG_LOCKD==y CONFIG_LOCKD_V4==y CONFIG_SMB_FS==m CONFIG_MSDOS_PARTITION==y CONFIG_SMB_NLS==y CONFIG_NLS==y CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT=="iso8859-1" CONFIG_NLS_CODEPAGE_437==m CONFIG_PC_KEYMAP==y CONFIG_FB==y CONFIG_DUMMY_CONSOLE==y CONFIG_FB_OMAP==y CONFIG_FBCON_ADVANCED==y CONFIG_FBCON_CFB16==y CONFIG_FBCON_FONTWIDTH8_ONLY==y CONFIG_FBCON_FONTS==y CONFIG_FONT_8x8==y CONFIG_FONT_ACORN_8x8==y CONFIG_SOUND==m CONFIG_SOUND_OMAP==m CONFIG_SOUND_OMAP_AIC23==m CONFIG_INNOVATOR_TS==y CONFIG_MMC==m CONFIG_OMAP_MMC==m CONFIG_INSTANT_ON==y CONFIG_DEFAULT_LPJ==414720 CONFIG_INSTANT_ON_LPJ==414720 CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER==y

CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO==y CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL==y CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ==y CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE==y CONFIG_DEBUG_ERRORS==y CONFIG_ZLIB_INFLATE==y CONFIG_ZLIB_DEFLATE==y

To take measurements with the XIP support, the following kernel configuration is used: CONFIG_ARM==y CONFIG_UID16==y CONFIG_RWSEM_GENERIC_SPINLOCK==y CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL==y CONFIG_ADVANCED_OPTIONS==y CONFIG_MODULES==y CONFIG_KMOD==y CONFIG_ARCH_OMAP==y CONFIG_OMAP_INNOVATOR==y CONFIG_INNOVATOR_MISSED_IRQS==y CONFIG_ARCH_OMAP1510==y CONFIG_CLOCK_COUNTS_DOWN==y CONFIG_CPU_32==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925T==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_CPU_IDLE==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_I_CACHE_ON==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_NON_STREAMING_ON==y CONFIG_CPU_ARM925_D_CACHE_ON==y CONFIG_CPU_32v4==y CONFIG_KERNEL_START==0xc0000000 CONFIG_ZBOOT_ROM_TEXT==0 CONFIG_ZBOOT_ROM_BSS==0 CONFIG_NET==y CONFIG_SYSVIPC==y CONFIG_SYSCTL==y CONFIG_MAX_USER_RT_PRIO==100 CONFIG_MAX_RT_PRIO==0 CONFIG_XIP_ROM==y CONFIG_XIP_PHYS_ADDR==60400 CONFIG_FPE_NWFPE==m CONFIG_KCORE_ELF==y CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT==m CONFIG_BINFMT_ELF==y CONFIG_OMAP1510_PM==y CONFIG_DPM==y CONFIG_BOOT_FREQ==y CONFIG_OMAP_ARM_168MHZ==y CONFIG_OMAP1510_DPM==y CONFIG_INNOVATOR_DPM==y CONFIG_CMDLINE=="mem==32M console==ttyS0,115200n8 noinitrd root==/dev/null rootflags==physaddr==0x0260000" CONFIG_ALIGNMENT_TRAP==y CONFIG_PREEMPT==y CONFIG_LOCK_BREAK==y CONFIG_MTD==y CONFIG_MTD_DEBUG==y CONFIG_MTD_DEBUG_VERBOSE==0 CONFIG_MTD_PARTITIONS==y CONFIG_MTD_CONCAT==y CONFIG_MTD_CHAR==y CONFIG_MTD_BLOCK==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI==y CONFIG_MTD_GEN_PROBE==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_ADV_OPTIONS==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_NOSWAP==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_GEOMETRY==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_B2==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_I1==y

CONFIG_MTD_CFI_INTELEXT==y CONFIG_MTD_CFI_AMDSTD==y CONFIG_MTD_OMAP==y CONFIG_MTD_OMAP_1==y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP==m CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM==y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM_SIZE==4096 CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD==y CONFIG_PACKET==m CONFIG_NETFILTER==y CONFIG_UNIX==y CONFIG_INET==y CONFIG_IP_MULTICAST==y CONFIG_IP_PNP==y CONFIG_NETDEVICES==y CONFIG_NET_ETHERNET==y CONFIG_NET_VENDOR_SMC==y CONFIG_SMC9194==y CONFIG_PPP==m CONFIG_PPP_MULTILINK==y CONFIG_PPP_ASYNC==m CONFIG_PPP_DEFLATE==m CONFIG_PPPOE==m CONFIG_IRDA==m CONFIG_IRLAN==m CONFIG_IRNET==m CONFIG_IRCOMM==m CONFIG_OMAP_SIR==m CONFIG_INPUT==m CONFIG_INPUT_KEYBDEV==m CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV==m CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV_SCREEN_X==240 CONFIG_INPUT_MOUSEDEV_SCREEN_Y==320 CONFIG_INPUT_EVDEV==m CONFIG_VT==y CONFIG_VT_CONSOLE==y CONFIG_SERIAL==y CONFIG_SERIAL_CONSOLE==y CONFIG_UNIX98_PTYS==y CONFIG_UNIX98_PTY_COUNT==256 CONFIG_I2C==m CONFIG_I2C_ALGOBIT==m CONFIG_I2C_OMAP1510==m CONFIG_I2C_CHARDEV==m CONFIG_I2C_PROC==m CONFIG_SENSORS==y CONFIG_SENSORS_OTHER==y CONFIG_SENSORS_EEPROM==m CONFIG_WATCHDOG==y CONFIG_OMAP_WATCHDOG==m CONFIG_OMAP_RTC==m CONFIG_RV5C387_RTC==m CONFIG_RV5C387_RTC==m CONFIG_VIDEO_DEV==m CONFIG_VIDEO_PROC_FS==y CONFIG_AUTOFS4_FS==m CONFIG_EXT3_FS==m CONFIG_JBD==m CONFIG_FAT_FS==m CONFIG_MSDOS_FS==m CONFIG_VFAT_FS==m CONFIG_JFFS_FS==m CONFIG_JFFS_FS_VERBOSE==0 CONFIG_JFFS2_FS==y CONFIG_JFFS2_FS_DEBUG==0 CONFIG_CRAMFS==y CONFIG_CRAMFS_LINEAR==y CONFIG_CRAMFS_LINEAR_XIP==y

CONFIG_ROOT_CRAMFS_LINEAR==y CONFIG_TMPFS==y CONFIG_RAMFS==y CONFIG_PROC_FS==y CONFIG_DEVPTS_FS==y CONFIG_EXT2_FS==m CONFIG_NFS_FS==y CONFIG_NFS_V3==y CONFIG_NFSD==m CONFIG_NFSD_V3==y CONFIG_SUNRPC==y CONFIG_LOCKD==y CONFIG_LOCKD_V4==y CONFIG_SMB_FS==m CONFIG_MSDOS_PARTITION==y CONFIG_SMB_NLS==y CONFIG_NLS==y CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT=="iso8859-1" CONFIG_NLS_CODEPAGE_437==m CONFIG_PC_KEYMAP==y CONFIG_FB==y CONFIG_DUMMY_CONSOLE==y CONFIG_FB_OMAP==y CONFIG_FBCON_ADVANCED==y CONFIG_FBCON_CFB16==y CONFIG_FBCON_FONTWIDTH8_ONLY==y CONFIG_FBCON_FONTS==y CONFIG_FONT_8x8==y CONFIG_FONT_ACORN_8x8==y CONFIG_SOUND==m CONFIG_SOUND_OMAP==m CONFIG_SOUND_OMAP_AIC23==m CONFIG_INNOVATOR_TS==y CONFIG_MMC==m CONFIG_OMAP_MMC==m CONFIG_TRACE==y CONFIG_TRACE_BOOT==y CONFIG_INSTANT_ON==y CONFIG_DEFAULT_LPJ==414720 CONFIG_INSTANT_ON_LPJ==414720 CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER==y CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO==y CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL==y CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ==y CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE==y CONFIG_DEBUG_ERRORS==y CONFIG_ZLIB_INFLATE==y CONFIG_ZLIB_DEFLATE==y

The set of the init scripts of the consumer packages is divided into the minimal and optional subsets. The following scripts belong to the minimal subset: ’bootmisc.sh’, ’checkfs.sh’, ’checkroot.sh’, ’hwclock.sh’, ’modutils.sh’, ’mountall.sh’, ’networking.sh’, ’urandom.sh’.

The following scripts belong to the optional subset: ’anacron.sh’, ’cron.sh’, ’devfsd.sh’, ’devshm.sh’, ’ifupdown.sh’, ’rmnologin.sh’, ’syslog.sh’.

Thus,
 * the minimal packages are: "initscripts", "util-linux", "modutils", and "netbase";
 * the optional packages are: "initscripts", "anacron", "cron", "devfsd", "ifupdown", "sysklogd", "util-linux", "modutils", and "netbase".

The init scripts are used with the "bash", BusyBox, 0.60.3 and the optimized BusyBox 1.00-pre3. The sizes of the shell executables are:

Since profiling tools slow up program execution, the Linux Trace Toolkit (LTT) is not used to measure the execution time of the init scripts.

To obtain the start time of the init scripts, the modified "init" utility is used. The following patch for the "init" utility is applied: diff -Naur sysvinit-2.78.orig/src/init.c sysvinit-2.78/src/init.c --- sysvinit-2.78.orig/src/init.c 2000-02-11 14:17:02.000000000 +0300 +++ sysvinit-2.78/src/init.c 2003-12-08 20:20:15.000000000 +0300 @@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ 	(void) tcgetattr(fd, &tty); tty.c_cflag &== CBAUD|CBAUDEX|CSIZE|CSTOPB|PARENB|PARODD; -	tty.c_cflag |== HUPCL|CLOCAL; +	tty.c_cflag |== CREAD|HUPCL|CLOCAL; tty.c_cc[VINTR] == 3; /* ctrl(’c’) */ tty.c_cc[VQUIT] == 28; /* ctrl(’\\’) */ @@ -2443,6 +2443,13 @@ 	FILE *fp; char *p; int f, fd; + +#ifdef TIME_MEASURE + struct timeval current; + if (!gettimeofday (&current, 0)) + printf ("INIT: started at %ld\n", (current.tv_sec * 1000) + (current.tv_usec / 1000)); +#endif /* Get my own name */ if ((p == strrchr(argv[0], ’/’)) !== NULL)

To obtain the time of the end of the init script execution, the following program is used in the inittab: int main (int argc, char **argv) {	struct timeval current; if (!gettimeofday (&current, 0)) printf ("printtime: current time %ld ms\n", (current.tv_sec * 1000) + (current.tv_usec / 1000)); return 0; }
 * 1) include 
 * 2) include 

Thus, we consider the sum of the init script execution time and the kernel loading time, which are measured in ways described above, is the total system boot time.

Downloads

 * [[Media:busybox-1.00-pre3-optimized.patch|busybox-1.00-pre3-optimized.patch]]
 * [[Media:init_scripts.tgz|init_scripts.tgz]]