Boot-up Time Reduction Howto

The items on this page constitute a list of existing techniques for reducing bootup times for embedded systems. Some of these items may also be applicable to desktop or enterprise systems, but that is not the focus.

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Bootup Phases
This document divides the bootup process into 3 main phases:
 * Firmware initialization phase
 * Kernel initialization phase
 * User Space initialization phase

User Space usually consists of a few distinct phases also:
 * Initialization scripts (RC scripts, for desktop systems)
 * This is where most daemons and services are loaded.
 * Graphics system initialization
 * Graphical environment start
 * Application initialization

Main Technique Types
Techniques presented here can be organized according to the way they try to achieve their effect. The technique can consist of:
 * 1) speeding up the activity
 * 2) doing the activity in parallel with other initialization tasks
 * 3) doingthe activity later (possibly after booting is completed)
 * 4) avoiding doing the activity at all.

In summary, each technique describes how to take an existing bootup activity and do one of:
 * Do it faster
 * Do it in parallel
 * Do it later
 * Don't do it at all

Some techniques will consist of multiple methods (such as both speeding up and doing it in parallel).

Bootup Time Reduction Technique Outline
Following is an outline of different bootup time reduction techniques, organized by the boot phase where they are applied.

Firmware Phase
Here ase some techniques for speeding up the Firmware phase of the boot sequence:


 * [Kernel XIP] - Kernel Execute-In-Place
 * SkipFirmware - Disable firmware features to eliminate diagnostics, memory counts, etc.
 * [Parallel HD SpinUp] - Parallelize Hard Disk spinup with Kernel load
 * [Dma Copy Of Kernel On Startup] - Use DMA to copy kernel from flash to RAM

Kernel Phase
The following are techniques used to speed up the initialization of the kernel:


 * DisableConsole - Turn off serial console output during boot
 * Preset LPJ - Use pre-set loops_per_jiffy (avoid calibrate_delay)
 * Preconfigure PCI - Preconfigure some PCI bus slots
 * IDE No Probe - Don't probe some IDE devices -
 * No Probe Missing Devices - Disable probes for non-existent devices (including keyboards, etc.)
 * Small Kernel Config - Use smallest kernel configuration possible
 * Reduce Driver Busy Waits - Shorten device probes by reducing the amount of time the driver busywaits
 * A special case of this is Short IDE Delays, with IDE driver delays
 * Threaded Init - Perform threaded initialization - replace driver busywaits with yields
 * A special case of this is IDE Preempt, with IDE driver busywaits
 * Load Drivers Later - Use modules where possible to move driver initialization later in the boot sequence

User Space Phase
The following are techniques for reducing the bootup time for user-space programs:

(This is a special case of eliminating unneeded RC scripts)
 * Application XIP - Execute-In-Place for applications and librarys
 * Reduce RC Scripts - Eliminate unneeded RC scripts
 * Custom Init Program - Use a custom initialization program
 * Optimize RC Scripts - Optimize RC script execution
 * Parallel RC Scripts - Execute RC scripts in parallel, instead of in sequence
 * Pre Linking - Avoid overhead of runtime link fixups during first program/library load
 * Reduce Flash Writes - Reduce writes to flash
 * Disable Logging Turn - off logging to stable storage
 * Faster File System - Use faster file system
 * Ramdisk During Boot - Use RAMDISK during boot
 * Segmented File System - Use a segmented file system to avoid interference between reads and writes

General Reduction Techniques
Some reduction techniques don't apply to a specific boot phase, but are general methods to reduce bootup time. These are listed here.


 * Smaller Programs - Use smaller kernel and programs for faster load times
 * Faster Memory - Use faster system memory to increase load and initialization performance

Table of Reduction Techniques
The following table summarizes the various techniques listed in this document.

Potential Techniques
Here is a list of potential techniques that have not been tried yet, to our knowledge:
 * Use different, faster, firmware
 * Cache results of find and grep during RC scripts
 * Partial XIP (this is a current project of the WG)