Kernel Mainlining

This page has information for embedded developers about mainlining patches to the Linux kernel.

General Resources

 * Documentation/HOWTO - kernel document describing how to code for the kernel and contribute
 * Documentation/development-process - kernel documents describing the kernel development process

Presentations
Greg KH has a great presentation about how the community works, with links to references for getting started:
 * Linux Kernel Development (pdf)

An older talk (2008) by Andrew Morton discusses the reasons to contribute, and best practices for contributing to the upstream kernel
 * Session:kernel.org development and the embedded world
 * In this seminal talk from 2008, Andrew lays out the case for involvement of embedded companies in kernel development. He describes the overall process, but more importantly what to expect from kernel developers, what to do and not to do when approaching mainlining, and how to structure teams for effective work with the kernel community.

talk list
Here is a list of talks about mainlining and community involvement, from previous Linux conferences:
 * [[Media:corbet-dev-process.pdf|Joining the herd of cats: How to work in the kernel kevelopment process (PDF)]] - ELC-2007, April 2007, Jonathan Corbet
 * This talk is an attempt to identify the factors which lead to success or failure and present them in a way that will help others seeking to get code into the kernel.
 * ELC-2008 morton (noted above)
 * Appropriate Community Practices: Social and Technical Advice - ELC-2008, April 2008 Deepak Saxena
 * Abstract: With the increasing popularity of Linux in the embedded world, HW vendors are jumping on the bandwagon to add kernel support for their devices/chipsets/SOCs. We in the community keep seeing the same mistakes made (both technical and social) repetitively. We will go over the benefits of being involved with the community and utilize examples of what not do when working within the Linux development ecosystem to illustrate appropriate practices to increase your probability of successful code adoption into the kernel.org tree.
 * (slides not available)
 * Video: http://free-electrons.com/pub/video/2008/elc/elc2008-deepak-saxena-community-advice.ogg
 * [[Media:dwmw2-community_and_embedded_linux.pdf|Embedded maintainers: Community and Embedded Linux]] ELCE-2008, David Woodhouse
 * This presentation introduces and discusses the new community rôle of 'embedded maintainer', present David's ideas and seek other opinions on what the job is actually supposed to mean.
 * The community at large needs to be more coherent - it's not just about big companies playing nicely with us, but also about building a community around embedded Linux in a way that we haven't really done so far. Even the individual projects aren't working together as well as they should. The 'embedded maintainer' rôle isn't like other maintainers in the kernel - we don't own a certain section of the code and just act as gatekeeper and arbiter of taste for it. It's more about bringing people together and getting them to collaborate better.
 * [[Media:dwmw2-ELC-2009-04.pdf|Embedded Linux and Mainline Kernel]] - ELC-2009, April 2009, David Woodhouse
 * Embedded Linux has more in common, technologically, with other Linux use areas than many embedded developers realize. In this talk, David will describe some of the important intersections between the features embedded developers care about and those needed for enterprise and desktop systems.  The stereotype of embedded developers not needing to interact with the greater Linux community is wrong.  David provides the technical rationale for increased interaction in the community  as well as tips for better involvement by embedded developers.
 * Notes: find other parties with same requirements - look outside embedded. Virtualized systems is a good place to look, as they often have resource constraints as well.
 * [[Media:CommunityDevelopment.pdf|Cooperative Development Inside Communities]] ELC-2009 Jeff Osier-Mixon
 * This is the talk introducing MELD.
 * [[Media:Elc2011_bergmann_keynote.pdf|Becoming Part of the Linux Kernel Community]] ELC-2011, April, 2011, Arnd Bergmann
 * This talk give the benefits of beign integrated with the community (it was the "hippy" talk)
 * [[Media:Elc2011_sang.pdf|Developer's Diary: Helping the Process]] ELC-2011, April 2011, Wolfram Sang
 * include notes on best practices for contributing to mainline
 * Contributing to the Community? Does your manager support you? - ELCE-2011 Satoru Ueda
 * This is a "how to convince your manager" talk.
 * [[Media:lca13-gregkh-I-dont-want-your-code.pdf|I Don't Want Your Code]] Linaro Connect, February 2013, Greg Kroah-Hartmann
 * Talk about lots of mistakes that developers make contributing patches to the kernel, from the perspective of a "grumpy" maintainer
 * Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiED1K98lnw
 * ELC-2013 rose
 * ELC-2013 chalmers
 * ELC-2014 maupin
 * [[Media:Petazzoni-soc-mainlining-lessons-learned.pdf|Two years of ARM SoC support Mainlining: Lessons Learned]] ELC-2014, April 2014, Thomas Petazzoni
 * Give many good tips, including social ones
 * [[Media:Write-and-submit-your-first-Linux-kernel-patch-gregkh.pdf|Write and Submit Your First Linux Kernel Patch]] 2015, Greg Kroah-Hartman
 * https://github.com/gregkh/kernel-tutorial/raw/master/kernel_patch_tutorial.pdf

Training, tutorials and challenges

 * The KernelNewbies web site is specifically dedicated to helping developers learn how to make contributions to the Linux kernel
 * There's a "To Do" list of small tasks that are ready for development, here http://kernelnewbies.org/KernelJanitors/Todo
 * See their excellent Guide to Upstream Merging for a lot of good technical and social tips.


 * The Outreach Program For Women has an excellent tutorial on the steps for contributing one's first patch to the kernel
 * OPFW First Patch tutorial


 * Eudyptula Challenge
 * This is a series of 20 tasks, managed via e-mail, that help people learn how to work with the kernel and submit patches
 * LWN.net article http://lwn.net/Articles/599231/


 * http://www.tuxradar.com/content/newbies-guide-hacking-linux-kernel

Specific Projects

 * CE Workgroup Device Mainlining Project
 * Qualcomm SOC Mainlining Project
 * Allwinner mainlining effort
 * this is a really good page with a write-up of the status of mainlined items for each kernel, and what tasks remain

from Andrew Morton

 * Industry should have an embedded maintainer
 * Report problems and requirements upstream
 * Participate in community forums
 * Companies should dedicate a few developers separate from product teams
 * Develop product on latest mainline kernel, freeze it at end of product development
 * My aside: Current nature of Android features and board support preclude this
 * Ask the community (Andrew) for help

from Deepak Saxena

 * don't be arrogant - don't assume your experience in proprietary development methods translates into open source
 * be humble and listen to others
 * release early and often
 * not doing this wastes a lot of time on implementations that get discarded, rewritten
 * do your homework
 * see what's already there in Linux, and whether it can be extended to support your case
 * add to existing abstractions rather than add your uniqe solution (be willing to abandon your code, as long as you ultimately get support for your feature upstream)
 * don't add OS abstractions (or, HALS for other OSes)
 * drivers must be Linux native - other layers and abstractions complicate the drivers - they can't be maintained by Linux kernel developers
 * do add abstractions - don't just solve your immediate problem
 * write systems that suport multiple related hardware
 * be willing to generalize
 * do your homework
 * use mainlining resources
 * ask informed questions
 * work with the community - treat them as equals on your team
 * treat external developers input as you would your own team members
 * be respectful

from Jonathan Corbet

 * why - 
 * difference between proprietary and open source software
 * proprietary = product-driven, top-down requirements, short-term, internal QA, hierarchical decisions, private code base, complete control
 * open source = process-drive, bottom-up requirements, long-term, external QA, consensus decisions, public code, little control
 * Understand the patch life-cycle
 * post early, fix things with community
 * get to staging
 * acceptance into mainline
 * post early and often
 * submitting patches
 * send changes - can influence direction even if not accepted
 * no: multi-purpose patches - make each patch small and indpendent
 * make patch serieses bisectable
 * follow submission rules
 * use diff -u, no MIME, correct format, Signed-off-by line, watch word-wrapping
 * send to correct place: MAINTAINERS, get-maintainer.pl
 * listen to reviewers, be polite, don't ignore feedback
 * let go
 * your code may be re-written or replaced
 * Coding
 * follow the style guides
 * not too much (HAL layers, unused parameters, single-line functions)
 * no multi-OS code
 * not too little - should generalize if there's already existing code
 * don't break APIs
 * can break internal APIs (only with very good reason), but you must fix all in-tree code
 * NEVER, NEVER break user-space API
 * don't cause regressions

from Arnd Bergmann

 * Friend, Fans and Freeloaders
 * don't annoy your kernel maintainer
 * publish all your code, including device drivers
 * would really like open source 3d embedded graphics drivers
 * Being part of the community
 * Give and Take
 * Divide and Conquer
 * Use public source code
 * break up source code - make a git branch for each feature
 * each branch should chance of getting upstream
 * Riding the Wave
 * all should be re-based as often as possible
 * Separate product and development trees
 * keep development in separate branches
 * Review
 * provides learning experience
 * newcomers can review and learn in the process as well
 * Respect
 * reviewers - should acknowledge effort of people working hard, even if you have to reject their stuff
 * submitters - should respect experience and knowledge of reviewers - follow their advice even if you don't agree with it
 * Rejection
 * maintainers - rejecting bad code is more important than accepting good code
 * Responsibility
 * don't duplicate infrastructure - extend it, generalize it

From Greg Kroah-Hartmann

 * See Linaro Connect 2013 keynote: "I Dont' Want Your Code"
 * kernel maintainer's sometimes get grumpy
 * workload is overwhelming
 * Lots of details about badly-submitted patches
 * out of order, missing patches from series, had confidential notcie, wrong tabs and spaces, wrong diff format, in wrong directory, against wrong source tree, bad coding style, wouldn't compile, broke the build, to wrong maintainers, too large, wrong kerneldoc, no change description on resend
 * it is in maintainer's self-interest to reject your patch
 * Don't give maintainer an excuse to ignore your patch

From David Arlie
http://airlied.livejournal.com/80112.html

you have a long road to walk, but first you have to leave the house

or why publishing code is STEP ZERO.

If you've been developing code internally for a kernel contribution, you've probably got a lot of reasons not to default to working in the open from the start, you probably don't work for Red Hat or other companies with default to open policies, or perhaps you are scared of the scary kernel community, and want to present a polished gem.

If your company is a pain with legal reviews etc, you have probably spent/wasted months of engineering time on internal reviews and stuff, so think all of this matters later, because why wouldn't it, you just spent (wasted) a lot of time on it, so it must matter.

So you have your polished codebase, why wouldn't those kernel maintainers love to merge it.

Then you publish the source code.

Oh, look you just left your house. The merging of your code is many many miles distant and you just started walking that road, just now, not when you started writing it, not when you started legal review, not when you rewrote it internally the 4th time. You just did it this moment.

You might have to rewrite it externally 6 times, you might never get it merged, it might be something your competitors are also working on, and the kernel maintainers would rather you cooperated with people your management would lose their minds over, that is the kernel development process.

step zero: publish the code. leave the house.

(lately I've been seeing this problem more and more, so I decided to write it up, and it really isn't directed at anyone in particular, I think a lot of vendors are guilty of this).

< article is about why you should publish code immediately >
 * This raises these issues:
 * why publish early? - because not doing so is possibly twice as much work
 * what barriers are there to publishing immediately:
 * dependencies!!! (mostly version gap)

Overcoming Obstacles to Mainlining
Tim Bird has prepared a talk about Overcoming Obstacles to Mainlining for ELCE 2014. See that page for information about this presentation and a link to his slides.