EBC Exercise 08a Cross-Compiling

This class is about developing software for embedded Linux. So far we have been doing all of our development on the Beagle. This works well for small (and not so small) programs. However, we are now moving into kernel development and that's best done on a more powerful host computer. Here you learned how to download and install the cross-compilers and the source for kernel and u-boot. Now we'll use those tools.

First we'll check everything by compiling the Hello World program, then we'll try the kernel and u-boot.

Cross-compiling Hello World
Listing 2-4 on page 29 of the text is an embedded version of Hello World. If you've set up your git repository you will find it in helloWorld.c when you do a git pull. Compile and run it on your host to be sure it works.

host$ gcc helloWorld.c host$ ./a.out Hello, World! Main is executing at 0x400524 This address (0x7fff8260bdf8) is in our stack frame This address (0x601038) is in our bss section This address (0x601020) is in our data section

Now that you know it's working, let's cross compile it. First set the paths to find the cross-compilers. Put the following in a file, call it ~/.oe/crossCompileEnv.sh. Make sure the path is correct for your system. This is for a 32-bit linux.

export ARM_TOOLCHAIN_PATH=~/BeagleBoard/oe/build/tmp-angstrom_v2012_05-eglibc/sysroots/i686-linux/usr/bin/armv7a-angstrom-linux-gnueabi PATH=$PATH:$ARM_TOOLCHAIN_PATH/.. PATH=$ARM_TOOLCHAIN_PATH:$PATH export ARCH=arm export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-angstrom-linux-gnueabi-
 * 1) add cross tools to your path

Here it is for 64-bit

export ARM_TOOLCHAIN_PATH=~/BeagleBoard/oe/build/tmp-angstrom_v2012_05-eglibc/sysroots/x86_64-linux/usr/bin/armv7a-angstrom-linux-gnueabi PATH=$PATH:$ARM_TOOLCHAIN_PATH/.. PATH=$ARM_TOOLCHAIN_PATH:$PATH export ARCH=arm export CROSS_COMPILE=arm-angstrom-linux-gnueabi-
 * 1) add cross tools to your path

Now source the file and compile again. (Note: you only have to source once per terminal session.) host$ source ~/.oe/crossCompileEnv.sh host$ ${CROSS_COMPILE}gcc helloWorld.c host$ file a.out a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, not stripped

The file command tells what's in the file. In this case we have an ARM executable. Success! Now copy to your Beagle and run

host$ scp a.out root@beagle:. host$ ssh root@beagle ./a.out Hello, World! Main is executing at 0x8374 This address (0xbeb32d4c) is in our stack frame This address (0x10650) is in our bss section This address (0x10648) is in our data section

The scp copies a.out to the beagle and the ssh runs the a.out on the beagle. Notice the address are very different from the host version.

Finding the Kernel and Installing It
After doing EBC Exercise 08 Installing Development Tools you have a Beagle kernel on your host computer. Let's see if it works.

Once compiled the kernel is put in a file called uImage. You may have seen it in the FAT partition on your SD card. Let's find it on your host. One way to find it is

host$ cd ~/BeagleBoard/oe host$ '''find. -name uImage''' ./build/tmp-angstrom_v2012_05-eglibc/work/beagleboard-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/linux-mainline-3.2.18-r121b/git/arch/arm/boot/uImage ./build/tmp-angstrom_v2012_05-eglibc/work/beagleboard-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/linux-mainline-3.2.18-r121b/sysroot-destdir/kernel/uImage ./build/tmp-angstrom_v2012_05-eglibc/work/beagleboard-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/linux-mainline-3.2.18-r121b/image/kernel/uImage ./build/tmp-angstrom_v2012_05-eglibc/sysroots/beagleboard/kernel/uImage

We are looking for uImage, but we only want the 2.6.32 version. The last grep file the file in the boot directory. Several lines are printed, but the one I'm interested in is: ./build/tmp-angstrom_2010_x-eglibc/work/beagleboard-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/linux-omap-psp-2.6.32-r110b+gitr5fc29e7b2a76a64a739f857858ef0b98294aa155/git/arch/arm/boot/uImage

The first part of the path (in italics) is the path to the kernel. Check it out.

host$ cd build/tmp-angstrom_2010_x-eglibc/work/beagleboard-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/linux-omap-psp-2.6.32-r110b+gitr5fc29e7b2a76a64a739f857858ef0b98294aa155/git host$ ls -F arch/          drivers/   Kbuild       modules.order   samples/    usr/ block/         firmware/  kernel/      Module.symvers  scripts/    virt/ COPYING        fs/        lib/         net/            security/   vmlinux* CREDITS        include/   MAINTAINERS  patches/        sound/      vmlinux.o crypto/         init/      Makefile     README          System.map Documentation/ ipc/       mm/          REPORTING-BUGS  tools/

We'll be learning what's in many of these over the next couple of weeks. Remember this location. Let's find uImage.

host$ cd arch/arm/boot; ls -shF total 13M 4.0K bootp/      6.3M Image*      4.0K Makefile  3.0M zImage* 4.0K compressed/ 4.0K install.sh  3.0M uImage host$ ls -l uImage -rw-r--r-- 1 beagle beagle 3144300 2011-12-08 01:02 uImage

It should have the date that you did the bitbake. Let's see if it runs on the Beagle host$ scp uImage root@beagle:. host$ ssh root@beagle beagle$ cd /boot; ls -F total 18M 4.0K MLO@ 372K Module.symvers-2.6.32 1.4M System.map-2.6.32 80K config-2.6.32 4.0K u-boot.bin@ 0 uImage@ 3.1M uImage-2.6.32 8.9M vmlinux-2.6.32 beagle$ ls -l uImage lrwxrwxrwx 1 www-data www-data 13 May 12 2011 uImage -> uImage-2.6.32

So the uImage that is there is a symbolic link to uImage-2.6.32. Let's save the working uImage in a difference file and copy our new uImage in.

beagle$ mv uImage-2.6.32 uImage-2.6.32.orig beagle$ mv ~/uImage uImage-2.6.32

And then reboot. beagle$ shutdown -r now

After a couple of minutes your should be back and running again. Check and see if you are really running the new kernel. beagle$ uname -a Linux beagleboard 2.6.32 #3 PREEMPT Thu Dec 8 01:02:13 EST 2011 armv7l GNU/Linux

It worked! That's the date I compiled mine on.

Installing a New U-boot
While we're at it, let's install a new U-boot. Note: The new U-boot runs for me, but doesn't boot the kernel, yet.

host$ cd ~/BeagleBoard/oe/build/tmp-angstrom_2010_x-eglibc/work/beagleboard-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/ host$ ls -F linux-3.0.9-r110a/ linux-omap-psp-2.6.32-r110b+gitr5fc29e7b2a76a64a739f857858ef0b98294aa155/ shadow-4.1.4.3-r5/ u-boot-2011.09-r4/

There's the U-boot directory.

host$ cd u-boot-2011.09-r4/git/; ls -F api/       COPYING    fs/          mkconfig*     post/            tools/ arch/      CREDITS    include/     mmc_spl/      README           u-boot* board/     disk/      lib/         nand_spl/     rules.mk         u-boot.bin boards.cfg doc/       MAINTAINERS  net/          snapshot.commit  u-boot.lds common/    drivers/   MAKEALL*     onenand_ipl/  spl/             u-boot.map config.mk  examples/  Makefile     patches/      System.map       u-boot.srec

The file we want is right on the top level.

host$ scp u-boot.bin root@beagle:. host$ ssh -X root@beagle beagle$ cd /media/mmcblk0p1/; ls -F MLO*        u-boot.bin.broken*  uEnv.txt* U-BOOT.BIN* UIMAGE*             uEnv/

Be sure you are logged into the Beagle via the serial port, rather than using ssh. Otherwise you won't see the boot sequence that appears before the kernel is running.

Here we've changed to the FAT partition which is where u-boot lives. Back it up and install the new one.

beagle$ mv U-BOOT-BIN u-boot-bin.orig beagle$ mv ~/.u-boot-bin . beagle$ shutdown -r now

You should now see the new u-boot running if you are logged in via the serial port.

Compile via make
When you use bitbake it sets up all the paths to use the correct cross compilers. You can also build the kernel or u-boot by using make if you set the paths like we did above.

If you haven't already, source the file and cd to the kernel directory and try a make.

host$ source ~/.oe/crossCompileEnv.sh host$ cd ~/BeagleBoard/oe/build/tmp-angstrom_2010_x-eglibc/work/beagleboard-angstrom-linux-gnueabi/linux-omap-psp-2.6.32-r110b+gitr5fc29e7b2a76a64a739f857858ef0b98294aa155/git host$ make xconfig

(EBC Exercise 13 Configuring the Kernel has details on configuring the kernel.)

To make the kernel run

host$ make uImage

Now, follow the instructions above to install your freshly compiled kernel.

Getting the A6A Kernel
beagle$ cat /etc/angstrom-build-info Configured Openembedded layers: meta-angstrom    = angstrom-v2012.05-yocto1.2:a029f5f5d19f788e2ab17227f35350ff5b6ca125 meta-oe toolchain-layer meta-efl meta-gpe meta-gnome meta-xfce meta-initramfs meta-multimedia  = denzil:b4488f4c012a64604b28bd2b6e93de411c34466d meta-opie        = master:efa3892b20a4ef80274e56e5633ebd62c16f9731 meta-java        = master:3386ea6c96096f107f43f282f654e5afa456109e meta-browser     = master:c47f59df2e723495679c751cbdf6a8c6adec4b6a meta-mono        = master:83f8233b0498aadb18bf7605c3ba6c71d9e13a3a meta-kde         = master:5b0882d951cfd71886d423c190faaa7c7f932333 meta-ti          = angstrom-staging:5364d0795bb27c2deb5a4e2df7d2f01ffb394cca meta-efikamx     = master:2c09a3a780b23448e8a6ca964256ff7f5ccba65d meta-nslu2       = master:3d9fc951b05b4df476374b6fc3085ebac7f293ee meta-htc meta-nokia meta-openmoko meta-palm        = master:2b106be01228f64298d6cb338f93088806594344 meta-handheld    = master:1f05a15aceb4c3a19fa070463b58125b5658b2a9 meta-raspberrypi = denzil:34eef2ea4f5f24630dbb73b386861430167b8431 meta-intel meta-sugarbay meta-crownbay meta-emenlow meta-fishriver meta-fri2 meta-jasperforest meta-n450        = master:f75f9b6f68473eb0efac802409608f8389be0030 meta             = denzil:b052427a6678b1b696f8c64cf0fdc55e6af86c48

host$ cd BeagleBoard/oe/sources/meta-ti host$ git checkout master