RPi Adding USB Drives

USB Flash and Hard Drives
Sooner or later, you're going to run out of room on the SD card used to boot and run your Pi. One solution is to move to a larger SD card, but, the largest low-cost high-speed cards are 32 GBs for about US$20 ~ $45 (May 2012). However, there may be compatibility issues between these higher-capacity SD cards and the Pi, at least, temporarily. USB flash drives (aka "thumb" drives) can provide additional storage for about the same, or less, cost as an SD card of the same capacity. USB flash drives generally also have faster data transfer speeds than SD cards. Another option is to connect a USB hard disk drive, which can provide up to over a terabyte (1 TB) capacity and data transfer speeds well beyond 40 MBs/second, much larger and faster than SD cards or USB flash drives.

Powered USB Hubs
In any case, in order to expand the storage capacity, you may need to connect a powered USB hub to one of your Pi USB jacks, and then connect the USB drive to the hub. A USB hard drive can either have its own AC/mains power supply or it can have two USB plugs, and get a USB 2.0 hub with at least four expansion ports - more is better, within a reasonable cost. A four-port USB 2.0 hub will cost about US$7 - $15, and don't bother with a USB 3.0 hub, as the Pi only has a USB 2.0 interface. However, if you're running your Pi "headless" (ie. without keyboard, mouse or monitor) and remotely logging in via another computer, both USB jacks will be available for use with USB flash drives, without excessive drain on the Pi's power supply. (NB: Only tested on a 'B' model acquired July 2012)

Mounting Drive Partitions
You can plug in a USB flash or hard disk drive while the Pi is running without any problem. The USB device will be sensed by the Pi, however, it probably won't be added to the operating system's file system. That will require some manual intervention to "mount" the device onto the file system. A flash or hard drive may be configured with one, or more, partitions, which you can create yourself in the unlikely event that the drive doesn't already have any. Creating partitions is covered in a separate tutorial: [TBD]

USB Drive Hierarchy
Linux hardware devices are organized and identified by letters under the file system's device hierarchy,. USB drives attached to the Pi are found under the file system as, where "X" starts with the letter "a" representing the first USB drive, "b" for the second drive, "c" for the third, etc. The individual partitions on each drive are represented by incremented numbers, starting with "1". So, the first partition on the first USB drive is located in the file system as, the second partition on that drive is  , the third partition on a third drive would be  , etc.

Mount Points
In order to make a partition accessible to the file system, you need to use the Linux "mount" command, referencing the hardware (e.g., ) and a "mount point" in the file system, which is any empty directory, usually created for the purpose by the user. There is a canonical (i.e., standard) directory path where mount points are usually created: the  directory. You can create a new directory under  for each partition to be mounted, and it can be named anything you want as long as it doesn't contain any spaces. You might want to name it to correspond to the drive's physical characteristics, e.g.,, or.

Mounting a Partition
After creating the mount point for a partition, the only thing left to do is to actually mount the drive partition, e.g.:

where:

(lowercase letter "o", not the number zero) specifies that an option string follows

specifies the user ID is user "pi" and the group ID is "pi" (note there are no spaces allowed between these terms)

is the first partition on the first USB drive

is the mount point directory

Mounting a Partition at Boot
To automatically mount a partition at boot time, the /etc/fstab file must be edited, and a line added for each partition and mountpoint:

neil@raspbian:~$ cat /etc/fstab proc           /proc           proc    defaults        0       0 /dev/mmcblk0p1 /boot           vfat    defaults        0       0 #/dev/mmcblk0p3 none            swap    sw              0       0 /dev/mmcblk0p4	/mnt/sdcard	ext4	rw,defaults	0	0 /dev/sda1	/mnt/usbdisk	ext3	rw,defaults	0	0 /dev/sda3	none		swap	sw		0	0

In this example, we are mounting one partition for read-write access at /mnt/usbdisk, and also moving the swap file from SD card to USB. The # character in the first column means that the rest of that line is treated as a comment. For more information see man fstab(5).

Operations on a Mounted Partition
If all goes well, you will see nothing after pressing the Return key other than another command line prompt, which means there were no errors encountered during the mount process. You can then access the partition by referring it via /mnt/1GB_USB_flash/... where the "..." would be the file system path to the directories and files on which you want to perform an operation. For example, to list the details about the files at the top of the partition, you would simply type:

To copy a file named "file1.txt" to another file named "file2.txt" in the directory "my_directory", you would type:

Of course, you can make this a lot simpler by just changing the current directory to my_directory like this:

To run an executable file "my_program.bin" while in that directory, you would type:

You can copy or move files and directories to or from any directory in the mounted partition by just referring to the appropriate path to that directory in the partition.

Unmounting a Partition Before Drive Disconnection
When you're done with a drive and want to disconnect it from the Pi, you should unmount the drive by using the "umount" command (notice there is no letter "n" between the "u" and the "m") and referring to the mount point:

Other mount and umount Features
You can learn more about mount and umount features by typing  or ,   or  , or via their "man" (manual) pages by typing   or.

Robust mounting of multiple USB flash drives
Whilst the approach used in the /etc/fstab example above is sufficient for the mounting of a single USB hard disk (as in the example) or USB flash drive (which usually has a vfat partition) this does assume that only one disk or drive present. Where multiple drives maybe present mounting by reference to the main /dev entries (sda1, sdb1, sdc1 ...) is not robust since, if the drives are (re-)pluggged into different USB jacks, their /dev entry names can change. This issue can be resolved by referring to the UUID of each drive's partition(s), assigned during partition creation. To determine this for new drives first enter this command: ls -laF /dev/disk/by-uuid. You should see something like this ...

trevor@raspberrypi ~ $ ls -laF /dev/disk/by-uuid/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 120 Aug 25 18:56 ./ drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 120 Jan 1  1970 ../ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan  1  1970 10b4c001-2137-4418-b29e-57b7d15a6cbc -> ../../mmcblk0p2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan  1  1970 A1B1-918F -> ../../mmcblk0p1

These are the entries for the Pi's SD card partitions. Now plug a flash drive into a usb port. Wait a few seconds to allow it to be detected etc. then re-enter ls -laF /dev/disk/by-uuid ...

trevor@raspberrypi ~ $ ls -laF /dev/disk/by-uuid/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 120 Aug 25 18:56 ./ drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 120 Jan 1  1970 ../ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan  1  1970 10b4c001-2137-4418-b29e-57b7d15a6cbc -> ../../mmcblk0p2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan  1  1970 A1B1-918F -> ../../mmcblk0p1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan  1  1970 A838-48E2 -> ../../sda1

Which shows the new entry for the flash drive currently linked to /dev/sda1 (or equivalent for your Pi setup). Similarily, plugging in a second flash drive should result in something like ...

trevor@raspberrypi ~ $ ls -laF /dev/disk/by-uuid/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 120 Aug 25 18:56 ./ drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 120 Jan 1  1970 ../ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan  1  1970 10b4c001-2137-4418-b29e-57b7d15a6cbc -> ../../mmcblk0p2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan  1  1970 A1B1-918F -> ../../mmcblk0p1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Aug 25 18:56 A3BF-8779 -> ../../sdb1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan  1  1970 A838-48E2 -> ../../sda1

In the examples above the first drive was a "Cruzer2Gb", which had a UUID of "A838-48E2" and was linked to /dev/sda1. Subsequently, the second drive, a "DTmicro16Gb", with UUID of "A3BF-8779" was linked to /dev/sdb1. (Had the drives been plugged in the other way around their links would have been swapped too). However, this means that, now we know the UUID(s), /etc/fstab may be edited (via sudo nano /etc/fstab) to include additional mount points such as shown below:

trevor@raspberrypi ~ $ cat /etc/fstab proc           /proc           proc    defaults          0       0 /dev/mmcblk0p1 /boot           vfat    defaults          0       0 /dev/mmcblk0p2 /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       0 UUID=A838-48E2 /media/Cruzer2Gb vfat   auto,users,rw,flush,utf8=1,uid=woody,gid=cruzer,dmask=002,fmask=113     0      0 UUID=A3BF-8779 /media/DTmicro16Gb vfat auto,users,rw,flush,utf8=1,uid=woody,gid=dtmicro,dmask=002,fmask=113    0      0 # a swapfile is not a swap partition, so no using swapon|off from here on, use dphys-swapfile swap[on|off]  for that