RPi Hardware Basic Setup

=Typical Hardware You Will Need= While the RPi can be used without any additional hardware (except perhaps a power supply of some kind), it won't be much use as a general computer. As with any normal PC, it is likely you will need some additional hardware.

IMPORTANT For USB devices other than a mouse and a simple wired keyboard (for USB devices drawing more than 100mA) a powered USB hub is strongly recommended. A technical discussion as to why can be found here. Specifically the RPI's built in USB hub is designed only for "Single current unit" USB devices. Note that when using Revision 2 (or later) boards the problem has been mitigated somewhat with the removal of the USB polyfuses, still due to the limited current the PI can provide to USB devices, due to its main polyfuse, its still recommended to use a hub for all USB peripherals requiring more than 100mA.

The following are more or less essential, and are all available from The Pi Hut's Raspberry Pi Store:


 * Raspberry Pi board
 * Prepared Operating System SD Card
 * USB keyboard
 * Display (with HDMI, DVI, Composite or SCART input)
 * Power Supply
 * Cables

Highly suggested extras include:


 * USB mouse
 * Internet connectivity - a USB WiFi adaptor (Model A/B) or a LAN cable (Model B)
 * Powered USB Hub
 * Case
 * Real Time Clock - If you can't count on Network Time
 * SD card reader - if you need to prepare your own SD card

Prepared Operating System SD Card
As the RPi has no internal storage or built-in operating system it requires an SD-Card that is set up to boot the RPi.


 * Have a look at RPi Easy SD Card Setup to create your own preloaded SD Card.
 * If you want an extensive technical explanation, look here : Create your own preloaded card using any RPi VerifiedPeripherals card you have and this HowTo . 
 * Preloaded SD cards will be available from the RPi Shop, The Pi Hut's Raspberry Pi Store.
 * For configuration of boot options and extensive graphic modes, look at the Configuration page.

NOTE: An RPi SD card can only be used to boot an RPi. A normal PC will refuse to boot from an RPi SD card.

This guide will assume you have a preloaded SD card.

To check your SD card is compatible with Linux, see RPi VerifiedPeripherals.

Keyboard & Mouse
Most standard USB keyboards and mice will work with the RPi. Wireless keyboard/mice should also function, and only require a single USB port for an RF dongle. In order to use a Bluetooth keyboard or mouse you would need to use a Bluetooth dongle, which again uses a single port.

Remember that the Model A has a single USB port and the Model B only has two (typically a keyboard and mouse will use a USB port each) - see USB Hub below.

To check your mouse and keyboard are compatible with Linux, see RPi Verified Peripherals.

Display
There are two main connection options for the RPi display, HDMI (high definition) and Composite (low definition).


 * HD TVs and most LCD Monitors can be connected using a full-size 'male' HDMI cable, and with an inexpensive adaptor if DVI is used. HDMI versions 1.3 and 1.4 are supported, and a version 1.4 cable is recommended. The RPi outputs audio and video via HMDI, but does not support HDMI input.


 * Most older TVs can be connected using Composite (a yellow-to-yellow cable). PAL and NTSC TVs are supported. Note that the RCA output is composite video, not RF, so it cannot be connected directly to the antenna input of a TV, you need to connected it the the yellow video input connector, or to the SCART input using a RCA to SCART plug, (adapter).

When using composite video, audio is available from a 3.5mm (1/8 inch) socket, and can be sent to your TV, or to an amplifier. To send audio to your TV, you will need a cable which adapts from 3.5mm to double (red and white) RCA connectors. These red and white can go into the red and white RCA plug inputs of a TV, or a stereo set, or to the above mentioned RCA to SCART plug. Another option for audio (when not using HDMI) is to connect the 3.5mm jackplug to an amplified speakerset. Do not connect the 3.5 mm jack directly to a headset, as the 3.5 mm audio output isn't suitable to drive headsets, only amplifier inputs. Attaching a low impedance load, (such as a headset) to the stereo audio output may lead to distorted sound.

Note: There is no VGA output available, so older VGA monitors will require an expensive adaptor.

Using an HDMI to DVI-D (digital) adaptor plus a DVI to VGA adaptor will not work. HDMI does not supply the DVI-A (analogue) needed to convert to VGA - converting an HDMI or DVI-D source to VGA (or component) needs an active converter. (It can work out cheaper to buy a new monitor.) The lack of VGA has been acknowledged as a priority issue. In a Q/A with Slashdot Eben said that they plan to look into providing some form of add-on.

For detailed information see Rpi Screens.

Power Supply
The unit uses a Micro USB connection to power itself (only the power pins are connected - so it will not transfer data over this connection). A standard modern phone charger with a micro-USB connector will do, but needs to produce at least 700mA at 5 volts. Check your power supply's ratings carefully, and beware cheap knock-offs!. Suitable mains adaptors will be available from the RPi Shop as well as The Pi Hut's Raspberry Pi Store or eBay and are recommended if you are unsure what to use.

You can use a range of other power sources (assuming they are able to provide enough current ~700mA):
 * Computer USB Port or powered USB hub (will depend on power output)
 * Special wall warts with USB ports
 * Mobile Phone Backup Battery (will depend on power output) (in theory - needs confirmation)
 * Modern TV with built-in USB (for example, it has been shown to work with the Sony KDL-40HX723 and KDL-55NX813)
 * Internet Routers with USB Ports (the BT Home Hub 3 seems to run the Pi nicely)

To use the above, you'll need a USB A 'male' to USB micro 'male' cable - these are often shipped as data cables with mobile phones.

For detailed information about power requirements see RPi Hardware - Power.

Cables
You will probably need a number of cables in order to connect your RPi up.
 * 1) Micro-B USB Power Cable (see above) picture. This has to be a high quality one. Tested cables available at The Pi Hut's Raspberry Pi Store
 * 2) HDMI-A picture or Composite cable picture, plus DVI adaptor picture or SCART adaptor picture if required, to connect your RPi to the Display/Monitor/TV of your choice. Tested cables available at The Pi Hut's Raspberry Pi Store
 * 3) Audio cable picture, this is not needed if you use a HDMI TV/monitor.
 * 4) Ethernet/LAN Cable (see below) picture.

The price you pay for an HDMI cable can very wildly and under most circumstances a low-cost cable from a reputable online or local supplier will be absolutely fine, but the definition of what constitutes 'low cost' can vary wildly - for example, in the UK, a 1m cable can be purchased for anything between £1 and £24.99. If, however, you want to drive a display some distance from the RPi (say greater than the ubiquitous 1.8m/6ft), or you are using a video switch to share a display between several devices, then higher quality cables might be wise - for example, a pair of 1m HDMI cables purchased in a UK 'pound shop' worked fine when directly connected between the RPi and a display, but would not give a stable picture when used via an HDMI switch. Replacing the £1 1m cable with a 1.5m cable bought online for £1.30 fixed the problem. For more insight: Why you don't need to spend more than £2 on an HDMI cable

Additional Peripherals
You may decide you want to use various other devices with your RPi, such as Flash Drives/Portable Hard Drives, Speakers etc.

For detailed information see RPi Verified Peripherals.

Internet Connectivity
This may be an Ethernet/LAN cable (standard RJ45 connector) or a USB WiFi adaptor. The RPi ethernet port is auto-sensing which means that it may be connected to a router or directly to another computer (without the need for a crossover cable ).

Support for USB WiFi adaptors will vary - see RPi Verified Peripherals.

Note: If a Netgear router has a blank in the fourth box of the subnet mask, raspbian will interpret that as a 255, not as a '0' like Ubuntu will do. This will give you a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 and a useless network connection. Changing the router's setting to put a '0' in the last field and reinitializing the network will fix this.

USB-Hub
In order to connect additional devices to the RPi, you may want to obtain a USB Hub, which will allow multiple devices to be used.

It is nearly a requirement that a powered hub is used - this will provide any additional power to the devices without affecting the RPi itself. The USB ports are fused at about 140ma each without an additional external power source. This not enough to power a hard drive, and you may even have trouble powering wireless adapters and other peripherals. There is enough current out there, however, for mice and most keyboards. (see RPi Hardware - Power section).

USB version 2.0 is recommended. USB version 1.1 is fine for keyboards and mice, but may not be fast enough for other accessories.

Heatsink
Not a vital accessory for your RPi, but will help to reduce the CPU's temperature whilst under load. Available from Etsy The Pi Hut's Raspberry Pi Store or eBay

Case
Since the RPi is supplied without a case, it will be important to ensure that you do not use it in places where it will come into contact with conductive metal or liquids, unless suitably protected. Some form of case should be considered, and there is a Rpi case thread on the forum. Cases are also available from The Pi Hut's Raspberry Pi Store and MobileApp Systems.

For detailed information see Rpi Cases.

Real Time Clock
There are a number of possible solutions for real time clocks, but so far, most are either expensive or not particularly friendly.

One promising device is the Cymbet Evaluation board (CBC-EVAL-06) available from digikey for approximately $30. Cymbet is in the business of making small batteries and this eval board is intended just as a demonstration of their product using COTS parts on a small board that plugs directly into the USB. Their product is actually the battery that backs up the RTC memory and oscillator when not receiving power from the USB. However, this demo board is very well suited to this application. Ideally, a maker-oriented company will pick up this reference design and start producing boards based on it at a lower cost in larger volume.

To use this board, you will need some software. libmpsse from Google Code (http://code.google.com/p/libmpsse/) is a GPL library that can talk to the board in user-space.

User friendly software is a work in progress visible on GITHub http://github.com/owendelong/Cymbet-RTC

SD card reader
If you will not use a preloaded SD card to boot from, you will need an SD card reader to prepare an SD card.

Note that the SD card reader will be connected to a traditional PC, not to the RPi. You may use an SD card reader integrated into your PC, or you may use a dedicated USB-connected SD card reader. Note that several peripherals may also be used as an SD card reader, for example cameras, smartphones, camcorders and GPS units.

Expansion & Low Level Peripherals
If you plan on making use of the low level interfaces available on the RPi, then ensure you have suitable header pins for the GPIO (and if required JTAG) suitable for your needs.

Also if you have a particular low-level project in mind, then ensure you design in suitable protection circuits to keep your RPi safe (details will be made available within the RPi Projects, Guides & Tutorials section).

For detailed information see Rpi Low-level Peripherals.

=Connecting Together=

You can use the diagram to connect everything together, or use the following instructions:


 * 1) Plug the preloaded SD Card into the Pi.
 * 2) Plug the USB keyboard and mouse into the Pi, perhaps via a USB Hub. Connect the Hub to power, if necessary.
 * 3) Plug the video cable into the screen (TV) and into the Pi.
 * 4) Plug your extras into the Pi (USB WiFi,  Ethernet cable, hard drive etc.). This is where you may really need a USB Hub.
 * 5) Ensure that your USB Hub (if any) and screen are working.
 * 6) Plug the power source into the main socket.
 * 7) With your screen on, plug the other end of the power source into the Pi.
 * 8) The Pi should boot up and display messages on the screen.

It is always recommended to connect the MicroUSB Power to the unit last (while most connections can be made live, it is best practice to connect items such as displays and other connections with the power turned off).

If you use both a R-PI power supply and a powered hub, its recommended you connect them to the same switched power bar, and use the switch on the power bar to switch off both the R-PI and hub at the exact same time.

Also, always shutdown using the software shutdown function, not by pulling the plug. When not using a GUI, (with a GUI use the GUI command) you can use the command "shutdown -h now", and power off when all the LED's on the board (except the power LED) go off. This is especially important the first time you boot, as in the process the R-PI modifies the content of the SD-card, without a clean shutdown the contents of the card may be damaged.

The RPi may take a long time to boot when powered-on for the first time, so be patient, and cleanly shutdown afterwards, as described above!

=External Links=

For a verbose guide aimed at absolute beginners, see Peripherals You'll Need and Getting Started in h2g2's 'Introducing the Raspberry Pi'.

=References=