BeagleBoard/GSoC/2021 Proposal/bela on bbai

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{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVLRUyPBBJk}} About Student: Dhruva Gole
Mentors: Giulio Moro
Code: https://github.com/BelaPlatform/Bela
Wiki: https://learn.bela.io/get-started-guide/say-hello-to-bela/#what-is-bela
GSoC: GSoC entry

Status

This project is currently just a proposal.

Proposal

Please complete the requirements listed on the ideas page and fill out this template.

About you

IRC: dhruvag2000
Github: https://github.com/DhruvaG2000
School: Veermata Jijabai Technological Inst.
Country: India
Primary language : English, Marathi, Hindi
Typical work hours: 10AM - 7PM Indian Standard Time
Previous GSoC participation: I find embedded and IOT pretty interesting, given I have experience with ESP32, SIMCOM, ESP8266, Atmega, and many other microcontroller devices and I think I will be able to excel in this project. This is the first time i am participating in GSoC.

About your project

Project name: Bela support for the BeagleBone AI

Description

What is Bela?

As given on the official website, Bela is a hardware and software system for creating beautiful interaction with sensors and sound. Bela consists of a Bela cape on top of a BeagleBone Black computer (uptil now). Bela has a lot of analog and digital inputs and outputs for hooking up sensors and controlling other devices, and most importantly Bela has stereo audio i/o allowing you to interact with the world of sound.
Both Bela systems use the same Bela software. It uses a customised Debian distribution which - most notably - uses a Xenomai kernel instead of a stock kernel. Xenomai is co-kernel for Linux which allows to achieve hard real-time performance on Linux machines (http://xenomai.org/). It thus takes advantage of features of the BeagleBone computers and can achieve extremely fast audio and sensor processing times. Although the proposal Title mentions support for AI, I will try to develop a standardized setup that allows an easy jump across all TI chips.

Applications of Bela

Bela is ideal for creating anything interactive that uses sensors and sound. So far, Bela has been used to create:

  1. musical instruments and audio effects
  2. kinetic sculptures
  3. wearable devices
  4. interactive sound installations

and many more applications that are listed here

Why add support for BBAI/newer TI chips?

The Beagle Black and PocketBeagle are getting outdated by the day and also it would be better to have a more standardised setup that allows to more easily jump across TI chips, soon newer boards with different and more efficient chips like the AM5X and the TI C66x digital-signal-processor (DSP) cores in the BBAI are coming up that will need compatiblity with the Bela Software and Hardware. As part of the process we will try to offload peripheral initialisation to the mcasp and spi driver to in order to make it more portable for porting to other boards in the family, at present or future.

Programming languages and tools to be used

C, PRU, dtb, uboot, make

Proposed method of Implementation and Timeline

Current status: The Bela cape is normally used in combination with the TI AM3358 chip on the BeagleBone Black. The hardware is currently working on the BBAI only using ALSA and the SPI driver [1], so the pinout and pin settings are OK, but the Bela real-time code on ARM and PRU is not running on BBAI yet. During this project I will:

  1. create a device tree overlay for the BBAI using the Cape Compatibility layer
  2. update the Bela code to use the McASP, GPIO and McSPI on the AM5729 SoC of the BBAI
  3. adapt the Bela PRU and ARM code and workflow to use the PRU via remoteproc instead of uio_pruss
  4. install a Xenomai kernel and run the full Bela stack

The project will involve dealing with pinmuxing, uboot, PRU assembly, C++ for Linux user space applications, the Technical Reference Manual for the Sitara family of SoCs. (ref. here)

Syntax Analysis

The places within the Bela core code that will require intervention are:

  1. in the Makefile, update the workflow to build the PRU code for remoteproc
  2. in core/PRU.cpp, use remoteproc instead of the libprussdrv API
  3. in pru/pru_rtaudio.p, the hardcoded McASP constants should be replaced with board-dependent ones
  4. in order to progress via intermediate steps, I may want to test the code first running on vanilla Linux without Xenomai. This requires replacing the __wrap_pthread_{...} calls (in core/RTAudio.cpp, core/AuxiliaryTask.cppm include/xenomai_wraps.h) with the corresponding pthread_{...} functions.
  5. the BBAI can be added to the BelaHw enum in include/Bela.h and used in Bela_detectUserHw() and Bela_checkHwCompatibility() in core/board_detect.cpp.

All these changes will be made so that the same code base can run on all supported boards (e.g.: BBAI, BBB) with build- or runtime- checks. To explain in short how I aim to establish a common code base for supporting all boards, I will start off by enumerating different boards once we detect which board it is. Then in the libraries, the constants (like pin numbers and their symlinks) will be set accordingly and the rest of the code base will become much easier to use without the need to hard code anything.

PRU
  1. The current Bela core code uses pasm to build the PRU assembly pru/pru_rtaudio.p and uses libprussdrv, which binds to the uio_pruss kernel driver to load the firmware to the PRU and handle access to the PRU RAM. Both pasm and libprussdrv are now deprecated, replaced by the clpru toolchain and remoteproc driver respectively.
  2. The PRU firmware contains hardcoded values for the address of the McASP, McSPI and GPIO peripherals. These addresses will change for the BBAI, so these constants need to become conditional.
  3. As the Bela PRU firmware is written in assembly for pasm, instead of rewriting or updating it in such a way that it will stop working on the current Bela images, we will use the workflow detailed below.
Workflow for building the existing pasm PRU code with clpru

The workflow below works as a proof of concept, but needs further testing.

  1. Build the .p file as is with pasm with -V2 -b. This generates a .bin file that contains the assembled program
  2. I will be using the disassembler Giulio Moro put together hacking the one that was inside prudebug. (Find it here(built with gcc da.c -o prudis) .
  3. Process the bin through the disassembelr and make it ready to be included inside an __asm__ directive (i.e.: add quotes and prepend a space at the beginning of each line):
   prudis file.bin | sed 's/^\(.*\)$/" \1\\n"/' > included_assembly.h
  1. have the following in main.c:
void main()
{
     __asm__ __volatile__
     (
#include "included_assembly.h"
     );
}
  1. build main.c with the regular clpru toolchain

I will need to change these MCASP addresses in pru/pru_rtaudio.p :

#define MCASP0_BASE 0x48038000
#define MCASP1_BASE 0x4803C000
#define MCASP0_DATAPORT 0x46000000
#define MCASP1_DATAPORT 0x46400000

Additionally, I will need to compare the McASP and McSPI sections of the AM5729 and AM3358 to verify that all the registers of the McASP and McSPI peripherals kept the same meaning and offsets between the two chips, or adjust the code accordingly.

PINMUXING

I am yet to figure out pinmuxing to make sure the relevant pins are set to the correct function (they are NOT by default). I will see here https://elinux.org/BeagleBoard/GSoC/2020_Projects/Cape_Compatibility and/or ask on the BB slack about for the best way to go about it.

PRU->ARM INTERRUPTS

Bela can work with a PRU->ARM interrupt, which is default these days, but requires an rtdm driver, which is another layer of complications. As an intermediate step to avoid further complications, I will try to run it without the PRU->ARM interrupt by adding BELA_USE_DEFINE=BELA_USE_POLL to my make command line. After building the Xenomai kernel, I will build the rtdm_ kernel and revert to using PRU->ARM interrupts.

PRU transitioning from libprussdrv to rproc

The Remote Processor Framework (rproc) allows different platforms/architectures to control (power on, load firmware, power off) those remote processors while abstracting the hardware differences, so the entire driver doesn't need to be duplicated. I will need to change the initialization code in PRU.cpp that is currently relying on lib prussdrv and move to rproc . Not sure if rproc provides some functionalities to access the PRU's RAM the way prussdrv_map_prumem() used to, but that essentially gives access to a previously mmap'ed area of memory , so it should be easy to replace, as long as I am able to find the correct addresses in the TRM. On the latest Bela code there's a Mmap class which can make this somehow simpler ref. here.

XENOMAI kernel

I would need to install a xenomai kernel through the default procedure to update kernel. A Xenomai kernel is already available, however it is untested. If any issues arise, I may have to rebuild the kernel. I will also need to install the user-space Xenomai library as well. That MAY be available through apt-get (Xenomai >= 3.0), or it can be easily built from source.

Hardware required

The hardware listed below will be necessary for testing if my code implementation works correctly on the hardware.

  1. BeagleBone AI.
  2. Bela cape: The original Bela board.
Timeline
Mar 29 Applications open Students register with GSoC, work on proposal with mentors.
Apr 13 Proposal complete Submitted to https://summerofcode.withgoogle.com
May 17 Proposal accepted or rejected
  1. Community Bonding Period and discussion on the project and resources available.
  2. Setting up beaglebone-ai i.e flashing up to date Linux image and connect to local area network (LAN) via either Ethernet or WiFi and try to run bare_minimum code from this repository to test basic stuff is working.
Jun 07 Pre-work complete, Coding officially begins!
  1. All the boards and additional hardware will be available to me at this period of time and I should have set up my BeagleBone Black and Ai boards i.e flashing up to date Linux image and Testing user-led blink code :)
  2. Initial checks for hardware like audio ports and other peripheral devices will be completed and all the soldering related work will be done.
  3. A detailed spreadsheet will be created if not already available for cape pin mapping and referencing for further use during BeagleBone AI software development ease.

(above ref. from here )

Jun 17 Milestone #1,
  1. Introductory YouTube video
  2. Setting pinmux values appropriately and fix the dtb to get the correct clock on the McASP MCLK pin.
  3. verify it works running with ALSA using the BB-BONE-AUDI overlay.
June 24 Milestone #2
  1. test and debug running Bela's PRU code on BBAI
June 30 Milestone #3
  1. Try to run Bela without Xenomai (This requires changing a few calls to __wrap_pthread_...() in the Bela core code to pthread_...() and minor changes.)
  2. run Bela with Xenomai, without rtdm(Real-time data monitoring) ie. generate (PRU->ARM interrupts)
  3. Document everything done so far and make READMEs for undocumented but pre-existing codes(for eg: this) .
July 12 18:00 UTC Milestone #4

Mentors and students can begin submitting Phase 1 evaluations

July 16 18:00 UTC Phase 1 Evaluation deadline
July 23 Milestone #5
  1. run Bela with Xenomai, with (PRU->ARM interrupts)
  2. Try to run all the stock tutorials
July 30 Milestone #6
  1. Validate existing work with some functional tests.
  2. Test and debug if any errors occur while running the stock tutorials and functional tests.
  3. Start organizing the codes so far by adding comments and making variable readable.
Aug 06 Milestone #7
  1. Create detailed Documentation about the above implementation.
  2. Provide guides on how to provide support for upcoming TI processors into the existing code base.
August 10 Milestone #8
  1. Writing the overall project summary and outcomes.
  2. Start making the Completion YouTube video.
August 16 - 26 18:00 UTC Final week: Students submit their final work product and their final mentor evaluation
August 23 - 30 18:00 UTC Mentors submit final student evaluations

Experience and approach

  1. I have used C++, C and Python programming languages over the past 3 years in a variety of projects involving embedded systems using the ESP32, Arduino UNO, ESP8266 and am also well-versed with freeRTOS.
  2. I have an aptitude for writing good reports and blogs, and have written a small blog on how to use a debugger.
  3. I recently did a project using ESP32, in which I used the DHT11 sensor to display humidity and temperature on a local HTML server . Other than that I have worked on developing hardware and making documentation for a 3 DOF arm based on an ESP32 custom board.
  4. I also interned at an embedded device startup where I
    1. Interfaced ADS1115 ADC with the ESP32 and used it to read battery voltage.
    2. Used UART for ESP32 and SIMCOM SIM 7600IE communication to gain LTE support.
    3. Published local sensor data to the cloud via LTE.
  5. I actively contribute to open source (most recently, I contributed to the ADS1115 library for ESP32 on the unclerus repo and can be seen here).
  6. Currently I am working on designing a Development board for the Raspberry Pico (RP2040) using KiCAD.
  7. I also do a lot of mini projects throughout the year, you can find my several more interesting projects at my github page

Contingency

I believe that if I get stuck on my project and my mentor isn’t around, I will use the resources that are available to me. Some of those information portals are listed below.

  1. Derek Molloy's beagle bone guide provides all the information needed for getting up and running with my beagle.
  2. Content on e-ALE.org is very useful for information that ranges from tutorials and walkthroughs to the level of very advanced stuff.
  3. https://credentiality2.blogspot.com/2015/09/beaglebone-pru-gpio-example.html

Benefit

If successfully completed, this project will add support for the Bela cape + Xenomai + PRU on the BeagleBone AI, and also the code will be easier to port to other Texas Instruments systems-on-chip.

By going through the steps needed to have the Bela environment running on BBAI, we will go through refactoring and rationalisation, using mainline drivers and APIs where possible. This will make Bela easier to maintain and to port to new platforms, benefiting the project's longevity and allowing it to expand its user base.
-Giulio Moro

Misc

Completed all the requirements listed on the ideas page.
The code for the cross-compilation task can be found here submitted through pull request #149.