Difference between revisions of "Device Tree Reference"

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== Testing ==
 
== Testing ==
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=== linux kernel framework ===
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Enable unit tests through config option CONFIG_OF_UNITTEST
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* Device Drivers ---> Device Tree and Open Firmware support ---> Device Tree runtime unit tests
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The unit tests will be performed near the end of the boot sequence.  The start of the tests
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is indicated by:
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### dt-test ### start of unittest - you will see error messages
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An example test result summary is:
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### dt-test ### end of unittest - 148 passed, 0 failed
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The unit tests are located in
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* drivers/of/unittest.c
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* drivers/of/unittest-data/
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=== dtc ===
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The dtc tests are located in the upstream dtc project (see [[Device_Tree_Reference#dtc]]).
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build dtc:
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    make
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build tests:
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    make tests
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run tests:
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    make check
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run tests with valgrind --tool=memcheck:
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    make checkm
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run tests in verbose mode:
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    make checkv
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Each test will report PASS or FAIL.
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An example test result summary is:
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********** TEST SUMMARY
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*    Total testcases: 1565
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*                PASS: 1565
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*                FAIL: 0
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*  Bad configuration: 0
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* Strange test result: 0
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**********
  
 
== Other projects using Device Tree ==
 
== Other projects using Device Tree ==

Revision as of 13:01, 21 October 2016


Top Device Tree page

Introduction

Device Tree Usage

If Device Tree is new to you, start with Device Tree Usage page. That page describes what Device Tree source looks like. It walks through building the source for a new machine. It describes the basic concepts, shows specific examples, and covers some advanced features.

Device Tree Usage page was previously located at devicetree.org.

Presentations, Papers, and Articles

The Device Tree presentations, papers, and articles page is organized by topic area and by date.

Device Tree Mysteries

If you can not find a specific piece of information elsewhere, it might be on the Device_Tree_Mysteries page.

Linux Specific

Device Tree Linux

Standards

Power.org Standard for Embedded Power Architecture Platform Requirements (ePAPR) v1.1
Source: https://www.power.org/documentation/power-org-standard-for-embedded-power-architecture-platform-requirements-epapr-v1-1-2/

The ePAPR is currently being updated with a new name of Devicetree Specification Documentation.

Device Tree Source Format

  • dtc compiler repository documentation
  • differences between ePAPR and the Linux dtc compiler
  • presentations

Bindings

Bindings are documented in

Bindings Documentation in Linux Kernel Source Tree

Documentation files about device tree is available in the Linux kernel source at Documentation/devicetree

Specific bindings specifications are located in the Linux kernel source at: Documentation/devicetree/bindings

Some especially useful files (in alphabetic order) are:

  • devicetree/bindings
    • the bindings directory has details about the syntax and expected elements for each device type representable in the dts and used by kernel frameworks and drivers
  • devicetree/changesets.txt
    • Description of changesets. Apply changes such that full set of changes is applied successfully or none are.

Some subsystems have overview bindings descriptions under devicetree/bindings/:

Subsystem specific

  • gpio / pinctrl
  • interrupts
  • timers
  • etc

Overlays

Device Tree Source Validation

Compiling source into .dtb (FDT binary blob)

  • via kernel make system
    • all configured .dtb
      • make dtbs
    • specific .dtb
      • make arch/arm/boot/dts/qcom-apq8074-dragonboard.dtb
  • via generated script in build directory
    • arch/arm/boot/dts/.*.dtb.cmd
    • arch/${ARCH}/boot/dts/.*.dtb.cmd

FDT format

Other names for Flattened Device Tree (FDT) are "binary blob" and ".dtb".

The format of version 17 of the FDT is described in chapter 8, "Flat Device Tree Physical Structure" of the ePAPR v1.1.

Section "II - The DT block format" of booting-without-of.txt is a more expansive description of the format of FDT.

Install

  • make dtbs_install
    • installs in /boot/dtbs/<kernel version>
  • many other ways to install ....

Boot loaders

Booting

Debugging

(Also see Device_Tree_presentations_papers_articles#debug.)

  • diffing .dts, .dtb, /proc/devicetree/
    • scripts/dtc/dtx_diff
      • in the Linux kernel source tree as of 4.6-rc1
      • use cases, advantages, and things to be aware of are described in "Solving Device Tree Issues" (updated), ELCE October 2015 by Frank Rowand (PDF). dtx_diff is referred to as "dtdiff" in this presentation.
  • locating source location for properties
  • boot time messages
    • device creation
    • driver registration
    • binding driver to device
    • deferred binding

Debugging - random hints

You can set CONFIG_PROC_DEVICETREE to be able to see the device tree information in /proc after booting. Build the kernel with this option set to 'Y', boot the kernel, then 'cd /proc/device-tree'

/proc/device-tree still does not exist.  Now what???

Is CONFIG_PROC_FS enabled?
Is CONFIG_OF enabled?
Does /sys/firmware/devicetree/base exist?  (Note that this path is not an ABI, but currently
  /proc/devicetree is a soft link to this location.)
Did the bootloader load a devicetree?  (Check the boot console or use dmesg to print the boot messages.)

For newer kernels where the CONFIG_PROC_DEVICETREE option does not exist, /proc/device-tree will be created if CONFIG_PROC_FS is set to 'Y'.

You might also try CONFIG_DEBUG_DRIVER=Y.

Also, often, you can set the line: "#define DEBUG 1" to an individual C file, to produce add debug statements to the routines in that file. This will activate any pr_debug() lines in the source for that file.

Alternatively, you can add the following to drivers/of/Makefile:

CFLAGS_base.o := -DDEBUG
CFLAGS_device.o := -DDEBUG
CFLAGS_platform.o := -DDEBUG
CFLAGS_fdt.o := -DDEBUG

Tools

Linux kernel source tree

dtc

dtc (Device Tree Compiler) - converts between the human editable device tree source "dts" format and the compact device tree blob "dtb" representation usable by the kernel or assembler source. dtc is also a dtb decompiler.

dtx_diff

dtx_diff has two modes of operation:

  • compare two dtX files
  • compile a single dtX file (using the normal Linux includes and .config) then decompiles that into a device tree source file.

A dtX file can be a device tree source file, a device tree compiled file (aka .dtb, FDT, or device tree blob), or a file system based subtree (either /proc/device-tree on the target system, or /proc/device-tree can be tarred on the target system and untarred on the system containing dtx_diff).

Examples of how to use dtx_diff can be found in "Solving Device Tree Issues" (updated), ELCE October 2015, Frank Rowand . Note that dtx_diff was named 'dtdiff' in the presentation.

dtx_diff was merged in 4.6-rc1.

dt_to_config

dt_to_config is a tool to provide information about the Linux kernel configuration options needed by a given device tree.

dt_to_config can also report on whether the kernel configuration options are set correctly.

Examples of how to use dt_to_config and some limitations to be aware of can be found in "Solving Device Tree Issues - part 2", LinuxCon Japan, July 2016, Frank Rowand .

dt_to_config was merged in 4.8-rc1.

external

EDK

"The device tree generator is a Xilinx EDK tool that plugs into the
Automatic BSP Generation features of the tool, XPS"

Testing

linux kernel framework

Enable unit tests through config option CONFIG_OF_UNITTEST

  • Device Drivers ---> Device Tree and Open Firmware support ---> Device Tree runtime unit tests

The unit tests will be performed near the end of the boot sequence. The start of the tests is indicated by:

### dt-test ### start of unittest - you will see error messages

An example test result summary is:

### dt-test ### end of unittest - 148 passed, 0 failed

The unit tests are located in

  • drivers/of/unittest.c
  • drivers/of/unittest-data/

dtc

The dtc tests are located in the upstream dtc project (see Device_Tree_Reference#dtc).

build dtc:
   make

build tests:
   make tests

run tests:
   make check

run tests with valgrind --tool=memcheck:
   make checkm

run tests in verbose mode:
   make checkv

Each test will report PASS or FAIL.

An example test result summary is:

********** TEST SUMMARY
*     Total testcases:	1565
*                PASS:	1565
*                FAIL:	0
*   Bad configuration:	0
* Strange test result:	0
**********

Other projects using Device Tree

FreeBSD FlattenedDeviceTree wiki

FreeBSDArmBoards wiki

Glossary

  • .dtb - File name suffix, by convention, for compiled devicetree.
  • .dts - File name suffix, by convention, for devicetree source.
  • .dtsi - File name suffix, by convention, for devicetree source to be included by a .dts or .dtsi file.
  • Binary Blob - File containing a compiled devicetree.
  • dtc - Devicetree compiler.
  • EDT Expanded Device Tree - A copy of an FDT, but converted to kernel data structures, in the kernel memory space.
  • FDT Flattened Device Tree - A copy of a binary blob in the kernel memory space.

Definitions