EBC Exercise 10 Flashing an LED
The "Hello World" program is the traditional first program for many classes. Flashing an LED is the embedded equivalent. Here we will explore a few ways to flash and LED on the Beagle and explore General Purpose I/O (gpio) along the way.
Contents
gpio via the Shell Command Line and sysfs
The easiest way to do general purpose I/O (gpio) on the Beagle is through a terminal window and a shell prompt. In Linux more everything is treated as a file. Even things that aren't files. In our class we'll use a virtual file system called sysfs. sysfs exposes the drivers for the hardware so you get easily use them.
Try this:
$ cd /sys $ ls -F block/ bus/ class/ dev/ devices/ firmware/ fs/ kernel/ module/ power/
Here we see several directories that represent hardware we can control. Explore a bit and see what you find.
Now try:
$ cd /sys/class $ ls -F bccat/ hwmon/ mtd/ scsi_disk/ usb_device/ bdi/ i2c-adapter/ net/ scsi_generic/ usbmon/ block/ i2c-dev/ omap-previewer/ scsi_host/ vc/ bluetooth/ input/ omap-resizer/ sound/ video4linux/ bsg/ leds/ pvr/ spi_master/ vtconsole/ display/ mdio_bus/ regulator/ spidev/ firmware/ mem/ rfkill/ thermal/ gpio/ misc/ rtc/ tty/ graphics/ mmc_host/ scsi_device/ ubi/
Explore some. What do you find? In graphics you will see the 3 frame buffers supported by the processor. In sound you'll see the alsa sound devices.
Reading the Keyboard and Mouse
Try this:
$ cd /sys/class/input $ ls -F $ evtest event2 Hit ctrl-C to stop
Now move your mouse around, or try you keyboard. My mouse is plugged into the bottom left USB port and event2 responds to it. Where do your keyboard and mouse appear?
Flashing the LEDs
The Beagle has a user0 and user1 LED that you can control. Try this:
$ cd /usr/class/leds $ ls -F beagleboard::pmu_stat@ beagleboard::usr0@ beagleboard::usr1@
Here you see the directories for controlling each of the usr LEDs. By default, usr0 flashes a heartbeat patter and usr1 flashes when the micro SD card is accessed. Let's control usr0.
$ cd beagleboard::usr0 $ ls -F brightness device@ max_brightness power/ subsystem@ trigger uevent
See what's in brightness, max_brightness and trigger by using the cat
command. For example:
$ cat trigger none nand-disk mmc0 [heartbeat]
This shows trigger can have 4 values. The present value is heartbeat. Check the LED, is the beating? You can stop the heartbeat via:
$ echo none > trigger $ cat trigger [none] nand-disk mmc0 heartbeat
Did it stop beating? You can now turn it on and off with:
$ echo 1 > brightness $ echo 0 > brightness
Is it responding correctly?
Reading the User Button
The Beagle has a couple of push buttons. One reboots the whole board. Use with care. One is for you to use, it's to the right of the Reset button, between the two stacks of USB ports.
It's attached to gpio port 4. You can read it via:
$ cd /sys/class/gpio $ ls -F
Notice there is no gpio4. Here's how you can create it, set it to an input port and read its value:
$ echo 4 > export $ ls $ cd gpio4 $ echo in > direction $ cat value
Try holding down the switch and doing cat value
again. Does the value change? There's a shell script called readgpiothat will repeatedly read the switch.
$ readgpio 4
Try pushing the switch. Does it work? Hit ctrl-C to stop. Look at readgpio. How does it work?
$ which readgpio $ cp /usr/bin/readgpio ~ $ gedit ~/readgpio
Reading a gpio pin with an Oscilloscope
Using the BeagleBoard Trainer you can easily access the gpio pins. If you plug in the trainer and boot up the Beagle you will see the gpio pins automatically appear.
$ cd /sys/class/gpio $ ls -F export gpio133@ gpio137@ gpio141@ gpiochip160@ gpiochip96@ gpio130@ gpio134@ gpio138@ gpio162@ gpiochip192@ unexport gpio131@ gpio135@ gpio139@ gpiochip0@ gpiochip32@ gpio132@ gpio136@ gpio140@ gpiochip128@ gpiochip64@
Go to your home directory on your Beagle and get togglepgio.
$ cd $ wget http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~yoder/Beagle/exercises/togglegpio $ chmod +x togglegpio $ gedit togglegpio
Can you tell what the program is doing? Try running it:
$ togglegpio 130 0.05
The first argument tells which gpio port to toggle, the second tells how long to delay between toggling. In this example 0.05 s is 50 ms, which should give a period around 100ms. Measure the signal on an oscilloscope.
- What's the min and max voltage?
- What period is it?
- How close is it to 100ms?
- Why do they differ?
- Try different values for the sleep time (2nd argument). What's the shortest period you can get? Make a table of the values you try and the corresponding period.
- How stable is the period?
- Try launching something like mplayer. How stable is the period?
- Try cleaning up togglegpio and removing unneeded lines. Does it impact the period?
- togglegpio uses bash (first line in file). Try using sh. Is the period shorter?
- What's the shortest period you can get?
Assignment: gpio from the shell
Toggling the LEDs
Modify togglegpio (call it toggleLED) to toggle the LEDs. Can you get the LED to appear to dim by changing the duty cycle of the toggling?
User Button to gpio 130
Write a shell script that reads the User Button and outputs it value on gpio pin 130.
Resources
- Here is wh1ts article on flashing an LED. It is referenced in the readgpio file that comes on the Beagle.
- This Make magazine article has a few more details.
- Here in a gpio reference for Linux in general. It includes sample 'C' code for flashing at 1 Hz.
- Here is a posting in the Beagle Google group about gpio.
- Here is some information about gpio from the kernel point of view.