Difference between revisions of "Kernel Instrumentation"
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Ftrace is a simple function tracer which initially came from the -rt patches but was mainlined in 2.6.27. Compiler profiling features are used to insert an instrumentation call that can be overwritten with a NOP sequence to ensure overhead is minimal with tracing disabled. There are a number of tracers in the kernel that use ftrace to trace high level events such as irq enabling/disabling preemption enabling/disabling, scheduler events and branch profiling. | Ftrace is a simple function tracer which initially came from the -rt patches but was mainlined in 2.6.27. Compiler profiling features are used to insert an instrumentation call that can be overwritten with a NOP sequence to ensure overhead is minimal with tracing disabled. There are a number of tracers in the kernel that use ftrace to trace high level events such as irq enabling/disabling preemption enabling/disabling, scheduler events and branch profiling. | ||
| − | The interface to access ftrace can be found in /debugfs/tracing, and is documented in Documentation/ftrace.txt. | + | The interface to access ftrace can be found in /debugfs/tracing, and is documented in Documentation/ftrace.txt. |
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| + | === SystemTap / Kprobes === | ||
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| + | [http://sourceware.org/systemtap/ SystemTap] is a sophisticated kernel instrumentation tool that can be scripted with it's own language to gather information about a running kernel. It uses the Kprobes infrastructure to implement it's tracing. | ||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
Revision as of 07:05, 14 November 2008
Here is a listing of some instrumentation systems for the kernel:
Contents
Existing Instrumentation Systems
TimePegs
Andrew Morton's system for measuring intervals between kernel events:
See http://www.zipworld.com.au/~akpm/linux/timepeg.txt
Patches at:
http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/index.html#timepegs
Printk Times
Produces printk's with extra time data on them. As of kernel 2.6.11 this is part of the mainline kernel enabled by CONFIG_PRINTK_TIME. Previous versions can add it via a very simple patch. It works for bootup time measurements, or other places where you can just jam in a printk or two.
See Printk Times
Kernel Function Instrumentation (KFI)
A system which uses a compiler flag to instrument most of the functions in the kernel. Timing data is recorded at each function entry and exit. The data can be extracted and displayed later with a command-line program.
The kernel portion of this is available in the CELF tree now.
Grep for CONFIG_KFI.
See the page Kernel Function Instrumentation page for some preliminary notes.
FIXTHIS - need to isolate this as a patch.
Linux Trace Toolkit
Kernel Tracer (in IKD patch)
This is part of a general kernel tools package, maintained by Andrea Arcangeli.
See http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/andrea/ikd/README
The ktrace implementation is in the file kernel/debug/profiler.c It was originally written by Ingo Molnar, Richard Henderson and/or Andrea Arcangeli
It uses the compiler flag -pg to add profiling instrumentation to the kernel.
Function trace in KDB
Last year (Jan 2002) Jim Houston sent a patch to the kernel mailing list which provides support compiler-instrumented function calls.
See http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0201.3/0888.html
ftrace
Ftrace is a simple function tracer which initially came from the -rt patches but was mainlined in 2.6.27. Compiler profiling features are used to insert an instrumentation call that can be overwritten with a NOP sequence to ensure overhead is minimal with tracing disabled. There are a number of tracers in the kernel that use ftrace to trace high level events such as irq enabling/disabling preemption enabling/disabling, scheduler events and branch profiling.
The interface to access ftrace can be found in /debugfs/tracing, and is documented in Documentation/ftrace.txt.
SystemTap / Kprobes
SystemTap is a sophisticated kernel instrumentation tool that can be scripted with it's own language to gather information about a running kernel. It uses the Kprobes infrastructure to implement it's tracing.
Notes
Some random thoughts on instrumentation:
- Most instrumentation systems need lots of memory to buffer the data produced
- Some instrumentation systems support filters or triggers to allow for better control over the information saved
- instrumentation systems tend to introduce overhead or otherwise interfere with the thing they are measuring
- instrumentation systems tend to pollute the cache lines for the processor
- There doesn't seem to be a single API to support in-kernel timing instrumentation which is supported on lots of different architectures. This is the main reason for CELF's current project to define an Instrumentation API
